EMBO J , IF:11.598 , 2023 Aug : Pe112999 doi: 10.15252/embj.2022112999
Strigolactones promote plant freezing tolerance by releasing the WRKY41-mediated inhibition of CBF/DREB1 expression.
State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.; College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China.; College of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China.
Cold stress is a major abiotic stress that adversely affects plant growth and crop productivity. The C-REPEAT BINDING FACTOR/DRE BINDING FACTOR 1 (CBF/DREB1) transcriptional regulatory cascade plays a key role in regulating cold acclimation and freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Here, we show that max (more axillary growth) mutants deficient in strigolactone biosynthesis and signaling display hypersensitivity to freezing stress. Exogenous application of GR24(5DS) , a strigolactone analog, enhances freezing tolerance in wild-type plants and strigolactone-deficient mutants and promotes the cold-induced expression of CBF genes. Biochemical analysis showed that the transcription factor WRKY41 serves as a substrate for the F-box E3 ligase MAX2. WRKY41 directly binds to the W-box in the promoters of CBF genes and represses their expression, negatively regulating cold acclimation and freezing tolerance. MAX2 ubiquitinates WRKY41, thus marking it for cold-induced degradation and thereby alleviating the repression of CBF expression. In addition, SL-mediated degradation of SMXLs also contributes to enhanced plant freezing tolerance by promoting anthocyanin biosynthesis. Taken together, our study reveals the molecular mechanism underlying strigolactones promote the cold stress response in Arabidopsis.
PMID: 37622245
New Phytol , IF:10.151 , 2023 Sep , V239 (5) : P1887-1902 doi: 10.1111/nph.19072
SlMPK1- and SlMPK2-mediated SlBBX17 phosphorylation positively regulates CBF-dependent cold tolerance in tomato.
Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.; Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, 572025, China.; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth and Development, Agricultural Ministry of China, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
B-box (BBX) proteins are an important class of zinc finger transcription factors that play a critical role in plant growth and stress response. However, the mechanisms of how BBX proteins participate in the cold response in tomato remain unclear. Here, using approaches of reverse genetics, biochemical and molecular biology we characterized a BBX transcription factor, SlBBX17, which positively regulates cold tolerance in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Overexpressing SlBBX17 enhanced C-repeat binding factor (CBF)-dependent cold tolerance in tomato plants, whereas silencing SlBBX17 increased plant susceptibility to cold stress. Crucially, the positive role of SlBBX17 in CBF-dependent cold tolerance was dependent on ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5). SlBBX17 physically interacted with SlHY5 to directly promote the protein stability of SlHY5 and subsequently increased the transcriptional activity of SlHY5 on SlCBF genes under cold stress. Further experiments showed that cold-activated mitogen-activated protein kinases, SlMPK1 and SlMPK2, also physically interact with and phosphorylate SlBBX17 to enhance the interaction between SlBBX17 and SlHY5, leading to enhanced CBF-dependent cold tolerance. Collectively, the study unveiled a mechanistic framework by which SlMPK1/2-SlBBX17-SlHY5 regulated transcription of SlCBFs to enhance cold tolerance, thereby shedding light on the molecular mechanisms of how plants respond to cold stress via multiple transcription factors.
PMID: 37322592
Crit Rev Biotechnol , IF:8.429 , 2023 Dec , V43 (5) : P680-697 doi: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2053056
Cold stress regulates accumulation of flavonoids and terpenoids in plants by phytohormone, transcription process, functional enzyme, and epigenetics.
Wenzhou Safety (Emergency) Institute of Tianjin University, Wenzhou, China.; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.; Tianjin Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Tianjin, China.; National Resource Center for Chinese Meteria Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
Plants make different defense mechanisms in response to different environmental stresses. One common way is to produce secondary metabolites. Temperature is the main environmental factor that regulates plant secondary metabolites, especially flavonoids and terpenoids. Stress caused by temperature decreasing to 4-10 degrees C is conducive to the accumulation of flavonoids and terpenoids. However, the accumulation mechanism under cold stress still lacks a systematic explanation. In this review, we summarize three aspects of cold stress promoting the accumulation of flavonoids and terpenoids in plants, that is, by affecting (1) the content of endogenous plant hormones, especially jasmonic acid and abscisic acid; (2) the expression level and activity of important transcription factors, such as bHLH and MYB families. This aspect also includes post-translational modification of transcription factors caused by cold stress; (3) key enzyme genes expression and activity in the biosynthesis pathway, in addition, the rate-limiting enzyme and glycosyltransferases genes are responsive to cold stress. The systematic understanding of cold stress regulates flavonoids, and terpenoids will contribute to the future research of genetic engineering breeding, metabolism regulation, glycosyltransferases mining, and plant synthetic biology.
PMID: 35848841
Antioxid Redox Signal , IF:8.401 , 2023 Aug doi: 10.1089/ars.2023.0361
Meta-analysis of antioxidant mutants reveals common-alarm signals for shaping abiotic stress-induced transcriptome in plants.
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, 29445, Mumbai, India; shefalimi13@gmail.com.; Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, 29445, Mumbai, India; tr_13@rediffmail.com.; University of Delhi, 28742, New Delhi, Delhi, India; gkpandey@south.du.ac.in.; Birmingham City University, 1725, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; C.H.Foyer@bham.ac.uk.; Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, 29445, Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Mumbai, India, 400085; ashishbarc@gmail.com.
AIMS: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are key regulators of plant growth, development and stress tolerance. Stress-induced changes in ROS levels trigger multilevel signalling. However, the precise mechanisms by which ROS signals are translated into changes in gene expression remain poorly defined. Focussing on six key antioxidant enzymes, we performed a meta-analysis of transcriptome data available in public databases to analyse ROS-mediated control of nuclear gene expression. RESULTS: An information-guided pipeline was developed, which identified 19 putative transcription factors (TFs), as components in "common alarm signal cascade" pathway following perception of changes in ROS levels. Crucially, 30-35% of the abiotic stress transcriptome signatures had binding sites for common alarm signal-transcription Factors (CAS-TF) in their promoter regions. Further, PEAR2, DOF5.8 and OBP3 were identified as top-ranked TFs on the basis of cumulative DAPseq (DNA-affinity purification sequencing) score on the promoters of selected genes regulating core pathways of salt, drought, heat and cold stress tolerance. INNOVATION: This study identifies a set of CAS-TFs that may play a major role in shaping the transcriptome of abiotic stress induced ROS signalling. Ranking analysis identified PEAR2, DOF5.8 and OBP3 as top-ranked CAS-TFs that regulated known markers of abiotic stress-tolerance. CONCLUSION: The current findings suggest a major role of ROS in the abiotic stress signalling and also identifies as set of TFs that take part in the signalling. Taken together, these findings suggested that common alarm signal cascade underpins broad-range tolerance against multi-stress conditions. The identification of associated ROS-responsive CAS-TFs may provide novel targets for crop improvement.
PMID: 37597205
Plant Physiol , IF:8.34 , 2023 Aug doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad452
CALMODULIN6 negatively regulates cold tolerance by attenuating ICE1-dependent stress responses in tomato.
Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China.; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth and Development, Agricultural Ministry of China, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China.; Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, 572025, P.R. China.
Chilling temperatures induce an increase in cytoplasmic calcium (Ca2+) ions to transmit cold signals, but the precise role of Calmodulins (CaMs), a type of Ca2+ sensor, in plant tolerance to cold stress remains elusive. In this study, we characterized a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) CaM gene, CALMODULIN6 (CaM6), which responds to cold stimulus. Overexpressing CaM6 increased tomato sensitivity to cold stress whereas silencing CaM6 resulted in a cold-insensitive phenotype. We showed that CaM6 interacts with Inducer of CBF expression 1 (ICE1) in a Ca2+-independent process and ICE1 contributes to cold tolerance in tomato plants. By integrating RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) and chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-seq) assays, we revealed that ICE1 directly altered the expression of 76 downstream cold-responsive (COR) genes that potentially confer cold tolerance to tomato plants. Moreover, the physical interaction of CaM6 with ICE1 attenuated ICE1 transcriptional activity during cold stress. These findings reveal that CaM6 attenuates the cold tolerance of tomato plants by suppressing ICE1-dependent COR gene expression. We propose a CaM6/ICE1 module in which ICE1 is epistatic to CaM6 under cold stress. Our study sheds light on the mechanism of plant response to cold stress and reveals CaM6 is involved in the regulation of ICE1.
PMID: 37565524
Plant Physiol , IF:8.34 , 2023 Aug , V193 (1) : P855-873 doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad322
Low temperature-induced regulatory network rewiring via WRKY regulators during banana peel browning.
Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.; Center for Disease Neurogenomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.; WIMI Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Changzhou 213000, China.
Banana (Musa spp.) fruits, as typical tropical fruits, are cold sensitive, and lower temperatures can disrupt cellular compartmentalization and lead to severe browning. How tropical fruits respond to low temperature compared to the cold response mechanisms of model plants remains unknown. Here, we systematically characterized the changes in chromatin accessibility, histone modifications, distal cis-regulatory elements, transcription factor binding, and gene expression levels in banana peels in response to low temperature. Dynamic patterns of cold-induced transcripts were generally accompanied by concordant chromatin accessibility and histone modification changes. These upregulated genes were enriched for WRKY binding sites in their promoters and/or active enhancers. Compared to banana peel at room temperature, large amounts of banana WRKYs were specifically induced by cold and mediated enhancer-promoter interactions regulating critical browning pathways, including phospholipid degradation, oxidation, and cold tolerance. This hypothesis was supported by DNA affinity purification sequencing, luciferase reporter assays, and transient expression assay. Together, our findings highlight widespread transcriptional reprogramming via WRKYs during banana peel browning at low temperature and provide an extensive resource for studying gene regulation in tropical plants in response to cold stress, as well as potential targets for improving cold tolerance and shelf life of tropical fruits.
PMID: 37279567
Plant Physiol , IF:8.34 , 2023 Aug , V192 (4) : P3152-3169 doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad285
Lysine malonylation of DgnsLIPID TRANSFER PROTEIN1 at the K81 site improves cold resistance in chrysanthemum.
Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China.
Lysine malonylation (Kmal) is a recently discovered posttranslational modification, and its role in the response to abiotic stress has not been reported in plants. In this study, we isolated a nonspecific lipid transfer protein, DgnsLTP1, from chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum var. Jinba). Overexpression and CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene editing of DgnsLTP1 demonstrated that the protein endows chrysanthemum with cold tolerance. Yeast 2-hybrid, bimolecular fluorescence complementation, luciferase complementation imaging, and coimmunoprecipitation experimental results showed that DgnsLTP1 interacts with a plasma membrane intrinsic protein (PIP) DgPIP. Overexpressing DgPIP boosted the expression of DgGPX (glutathione peroxidase), increased the activity of GPX, and decreased the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby enhancing the low-temperature stress tolerance of chrysanthemum, while the CRISPR-Cas9-mediated mutant dgpip inhibited this process. Transgenic analyses in chrysanthemum showed that DgnsLTP1 improves the cold resistance of chrysanthemum in a DgPIP-dependent manner. Moreover, Kmal of DgnsLTP1 at the K81 site prevented the degradation of DgPIP in Nicotiana benthamiana and chrysanthemum, further promoted DgGPX expression, enhanced GPX activity, and scavenged excess ROS produced by cold stress, thereby further enhancing the cold resistance of chrysanthemum.
PMID: 37202366
Food Chem , IF:7.514 , 2023 Sep , V419 : P136089 doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136089
MaC2H2-like regulates chilling stress response of 'Fenjiao' banana by modulating flavonoid synthesis and fatty acid desaturation.
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control in Shandong Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China. Electronic address: xiaoyang_zhu@scau.edu.cn.; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China. Electronic address: lxp88@scau.edu.cn.
Chilling injury (CI) is a major problem that affects fruit quality and ripening. Herein, chilling stress severely inhibited the expression of transcription factor MaC2H2-like. MaC2H2-like activates the expression of genes associated with flavonoid synthesis (MaC4H-like1, Ma4CL-like1, MaFLS, and MaFLS3) and fatty acid desaturation (MaFAD6-2 and MaFAD6-3), the leading indicators of chilling tolerance. MaC2H2-like interacts with MaEBF1 and boosts the transcriptional activity of MaFAD6-2, MaFAD6-3, Ma4CL-like1, and MaFLS. The overexpression of MaC2H2-like reduced fruit CI, induced the expression of these genes and increased the content of flavonoid and unsaturated fatty acid. Meanwhile, the silencing of MaC2H2-like increased fruit CI and downregulated the expression of those genes and reduced the content of flavonoid and unsaturated fatty acid. These results indicate that MaC2H2-like function as new player in modulating fruit CI by regulating flavonoid synthesis and fatty acid desaturation. MaC2H2-like could be a useful candidate gene for improving cold tolerance in 'Fenjiao' banana.
PMID: 37023674
Plant Cell Environ , IF:7.228 , 2023 Aug , V46 (8) : P2450-2469 doi: 10.1111/pce.14611
lncRNA MtCIR2 positively regulates plant-freezing tolerance by modulating CBF/DREB1 gene clusters.
State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
Emerging evidence suggests that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in regulation of plant response to environmental stress. CBF/DREB1s are highly conserved transcription factors that regulate response to cold stress in plants. However, very few lncRNAs were found to regulate expression of CBFs and cold tolerance in plant. Here, we identified a cold-responsive long intergenic noncoding RNA (MtCIR2) of CBF/DREB1 genes that were located in a major freezing tolerance QTL region of legume Medicago truncatula. We found that response of MtCIR2 transcription was more rapid than that of MtCBF/DREB1s during cold treatment. MtCIR2 positively regulated M. truncatula freezing tolerance, such that overexpression of MtCIR2 led to higher survival rate and lower cell membrane damage than wild-type plants, while mutation of MtCIR2 rendered the mutants more sensitive to cold stress. In addition, expression levels of MtCBF/DREB1s were up-regulated in the MtCIR2 overexpressing lines and down-regulated in the mutants. Among the MtCIR2-regulated genes, the strongest enriched genes were those involved in polysaccharide metabolic processes. In addition, we demonstrated that overexpression of MtCIR2 led to increases in contents of soluble sugars. These results highlight that MtCIR2 positively regulates tolerance to freezing by regulating MtCBF/DREB1s expression and glycometabolism in M. truncatula.
PMID: 37249093
Plant Cell Environ , IF:7.228 , 2023 Aug , V46 (8) : P2432-2449 doi: 10.1111/pce.14608
A meta-analysis reveals differential sensitivity of cold stress responses in the maize leaf.
Laboratory for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Antwerp University, Antwerp, Belgium.; Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
Maize (Zea mays), a cold-sensitive crop, requires cold tolerance for extending the length of the growing season in temperate climates. However, response curves to different cold temperatures and exposure durations are lacking. We used a meta-analysis approach using data from literature to investigate the effect of cold stress in the maize leaf. We constructed response curves to temperature and exposure durations for 18 key parameters related to leaf growth, photosynthesis, oxidative stress, antioxidants, and the phytohormone ABA. To determine their relevance for cold tolerance, we compared cold tolerant Flint and cold sensitive Dent lines. Treatment temperatures ranged from -20 degrees C to 20 degrees C for cold and from 12 degrees C to 30 degrees C for control and exposure duration from 3 min to 60 days. We found interacting effects of temperature and exposure durations on different response parameters. The strongest difference between Flint and Dent was observed for electrolyte leakage (EL). Our results show that the commonly used 4 degrees C for cold and 25 degrees C for control with medium cold exposure (1-7 days) induces a 50% decrease in shoot dry weight and leaf area and that EL is an easy and reliable indicator for cold tolerance studies.
PMID: 37170821
Chemosphere , IF:7.086 , 2023 Aug , V340 : P139910 doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139910
Insights of microalgal municipal wastewater treatment at low temperatures: Performance, microbiota patterns, and cold-adaptation of tubular and aeration column photobioreactors.
CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China; Institute of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Mianyang Teacher's College, Mianyang, 621000, China.; Institute of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Mianyang Teacher's College, Mianyang, 621000, China.; Haitian Water Group Co., LTD., Chengdu, 610203, China.; CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.; CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China. Electronic address: lixin@cib.ac.cn.; CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China. Electronic address: tanzhl@cib.ac.cn.
In order to refine the treatment of microalgae consortium (MC) for municipal wastewater (MWW) during the winter, this study investigated the effectiveness of tubular and aeration column photobioreactors (TPBR and APBR) in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) during winter by two start-up modes: microalgae/microalgae-activated sludge (AS). The operation results showed that under 5.7-13.1 degrees C, TPBR enhanced the assimilation of N and P pollutant by microalgal accumulation, meeting the Chinese discharge standard within 24 h (NH(4)(+)-N, TP, and COD
PMID: 37611753
Int J Biol Macromol , IF:6.953 , 2023 Aug , V247 : P125750 doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125750
Auxin-responsive protein MaIAA17-like modulates fruit ripening and ripening disorders induced by cold stress in 'Fenjiao' banana.
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control in Shandong Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China. Electronic address: xiaoyang_zhu@scau.edu.cn.
Cold stress severely affects the banana fruit softening and de-greening, significantly inhibiting the ripening processes. However, the mechanism of ripening disorder caused by chilling injury (CI) in banana fruit remains largely unknown. Herein, MaIAA17-like, an Auxin/Indole-3-Acetic Acid (Aux/IAA) family member, was found to be highly related to the softening and de-greening in 'Fenjiao' banana. Its expression was rapidly increased with fruit ripening and then gradually decreased under normal ripening conditions (22 degrees C). Notably, cold storage severely repressed MaIAA17-like expression but was rapidly increased following ethephon treatment for ripening in fruits without CI. However, the expression repression was not reverted in fruits with serious CI symptoms after 12 days of storage at 7 degrees C. AtMaIAA17-like bound and regulated the activities of promoters of chlorophyll (MaNOL and MaSGR1), starch (MaBAM6 and MaBAM8), and cell wall (MaSUR14 and MaPL8) degradation-related genes. MaIAA17-like also interacted with ethylene-insensitive 3-binding F-box protein (MaEBF1), further activating the expression of MaNOL, MaBAM8, MaPL8, and MaSUR14. Generally, the transient overexpression of MaIAA17-like promoted fruit ripening by inducing the expression of softening and de-greening related genes. However, silencing MaIAA17-like inhibited fruit ripening by reducing the expression of softening and de-greening related genes. These results imply that MaIAA17-like modulates fruit ripening by transcriptionally upregulating the key genes related to fruit softening and de-greening.
PMID: 37453644
Sci China Life Sci , IF:6.038 , 2023 Aug , V66 (8) : P1800-1817 doi: 10.1007/s11427-022-2265-6
Melanin precursors mediated adaption to temperature changes in fungus and animal via inhibition of lipid-mediated ferroptosis.
State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650032, China.; Kunming Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Kunming University, Kunming, 650214, China.; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China. shli@mail.kib.ac.cn.; State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650032, China. xmniu@ynu.edu.cn.
The discovery of biological activities of natural products plays a vital part in drug development. The mechanism by which organisms respond to temperature changes via biosynthesis of natural products remained largely cryptic. A thermophilic fungus under cold stress turned black and accumulated a polyketide metabolite 1 and lipid mass. Deficiency in 1 caused melanin loss and accumulated extra lipid mass, unexpectedly leading to seriously damaged mitochondria diagnostic for ferroptosis. Further analysis revealed that lipid mass induced by cold stress intensively increased ferroptosis risk and 1 functioned as cell wall reinforcer against mass lipid accumulation and as reactive oxygen species scavenger against lipid peroxidation. We also found that melanin in mice lowered lipid level but enhanced animal resistance to cold stress. Treatment with melanin precursors significantly increased mouse cell survival rate under cold stress. Our results unveiled a metabolite-lipid-ferroptosis-cold relationship, which provided mechanistic insights into the functions of most common metabolites and into diseases related to cold stress. These findings opened a perspective for developing anti-cold and anti-ferroptosis therapeutics and agents.
PMID: 36949229
Int J Mol Sci , IF:5.923 , 2023 Aug , V24 (16) doi: 10.3390/ijms241612878
Genome-Wide Identification of GmSPS Gene Family in Soybean and Expression Analysis in Response to Cold Stress.
Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.; College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
Sucrose metabolism plays a critical role in development, stress response, and yield formation of plants. Sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) is the key rate-limiting enzyme in the sucrose synthesis pathway. To date, genome-wide survey and comprehensive analysis of the SPS gene family in soybean (Glycine max) have yet to be performed. In this study, seven genes encoding SPS were identified in soybean genome. The structural characteristics, phylogenetics, tissue expression patterns, and cold stress response of these GmSPSs were investigated. A comparative phylogenetic analysis of SPS proteins in soybean, Medicago truncatula, Medicago sativa, Lotus japonicus, Arabidopsis, and rice revealed four families. GmSPSs were clustered into three families from A to C, and have undergone five segmental duplication events under purifying selection. All GmSPS genes had various expression patterns in different tissues, and family A members GmSPS13/17 were highly expressed in nodules. Remarkably, all GmSPS promoters contain multiple low-temperature-responsive elements such as potential binding sites of inducer of CBF expression 1 (ICE1), the central regulator in cold response. qRT-PCR proved that these GmSPS genes, especially GmSPS8/18, were induced by cold treatment in soybean leaves, and the expression pattern of GmICE1 under cold treatment was similar to that of GmSPS8/18. Further transient expression analysis in Nicotiana benthamiana and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) indicated that GmSPS8 and GmSPS18 transcriptions were directly activated by GmICE1. Taken together, our findings may aid in future efforts to clarify the potential roles of GmSPS genes in response to cold stress in soybean.
PMID: 37629058
Int J Mol Sci , IF:5.923 , 2023 Aug , V24 (16) doi: 10.3390/ijms241612683
Characterization of the Heat Shock Transcription Factor Family in Medicago sativa L. and Its Potential Roles in Response to Abiotic Stresses.
Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.; College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.; Institute of Forage Crop Science, Ordos Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Ordos 017000, China.
Heat shock transcription factors (HSFs) are important regulatory factors in plant stress responses to various biotic and abiotic stresses and play important roles in growth and development. The HSF gene family has been systematically identified and analyzed in many plants but it is not in the tetraploid alfalfa genome. We detected 104 HSF genes (MsHSFs) in the tetraploid alfalfa genome ("Xinjiangdaye" reference genome) and classified them into three subgroups: 68 in HSFA, 35 in HSFB and 1 in HSFC subgroups. Basic bioinformatics analysis, including genome location, protein sequence length, protein molecular weight and conserved motif identification, was conducted. Gene expression analysis revealed tissue-specific expression for 13 MsHSFs and tissue-wide expression for 28 MsHSFs. Based on transcriptomic data analysis, 21, 11 and 27 MsHSFs responded to drought stress, cold stress and salt stress, respectively, with seven responding to all three. According to RT-PCR, MsHSF27/33 expression gradually increased with cold, salt and drought stress condition duration; MsHSF6 expression increased over time under salt and drought stress conditions but decreased under cold stress. Our results provide key information for further functional analysis of MsHSFs and for genetic improvement of stress resistance in alfalfa.
PMID: 37628861
Int J Mol Sci , IF:5.923 , 2023 Aug , V24 (15) doi: 10.3390/ijms241512468
The Transcription Factor MbWRKY46 in Malus baccata (L.) Borkh Mediate Cold and Drought Stress Responses.
Horticulture Branch, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150040, China.; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Development and Utilization of Small Fruits in Cold Regions, College of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
The living environment of plants is not static; as such, they will inevitably be threatened by various external factors for their growth and development. In order to ensure the healthy growth of plants, in addition to artificial interference, the most important and effective method is to rely on the role of transcription factors in the regulatory network of plant responses to abiotic stress. This study conducted bioinformatics analysis on the MbWRKY46 gene, which was obtained through gene cloning technology from Malus baccata (L.) Borkh, and found that the MbWRKY46 gene had a total length of 1068 bp and encodes 355 amino acids. The theoretical molecular weight (MW) of the MbWRKY46 protein was 39.76 kDa, the theoretical isoelectric point (pI) was 5.55, and the average hydrophilicity coefficient was -0.824. The subcellular localization results showed that it was located in the nucleus. After conducting stress resistance studies on it, it was found that the expression of MbWRKY46 was tissue specific, with the highest expression level in roots and old leaves. Low temperature and drought had a stronger induction effect on the expression of this gene. Under low temperature and drought treatment, the expression levels of several downstream genes related to low temperature and drought stress (AtKIN1, AtRD29A, AtCOR47A, AtDREB2A, AtERD10, AtRD29B) increased more significantly in transgenic Arabidopsis. This indicated that MbWRKY46 gene can be induced to upregulate expression in Arabidopsis under cold and water deficient environments. The results of this study have a certain reference value for the application of M. baccata MbWRKY46 in low-temperature and drought response, and provide a theoretical basis for further research on its function in the future.
PMID: 37569844
Front Microbiol , IF:5.64 , 2023 , V14 : P1134585 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1134585
Non-targeted metabolomics analysis reveals the mechanism of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis regulating the cold-resistance of Elymus nutans.
College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, China.; Experimental Station of Grassland Improvement of Qinghai Province, Xining, China.; National Ecosystem Science Data Center, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science and Technology Vocational of Qinghai Province, Xining, China.; Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Restoration Ecology of Cold Area, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China.; Grassland Station of Qinghai Province, Xining, China.; College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China.
Elymus nutans is a perennial grass of the Gramineae family. Due to its cold-resistance and nutrition deficiency tolerance, it has been applied to the ecological restoration of degraded alpine grassland on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. As an important symbiotic microorganism, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been proven to have great potential in promoting the growth and stress resistance of Gramineae grasses. However, the response mechanism of the AMF needs to be clarified. Therefore, in this study, Rhizophagus irregularis was used to explore the mechanism regulating cold resistance of E. nutans. Based on pot experiments and metabolomics, the effects of R. irregularis were investigated on the activities of antioxidant enzyme and metabolites in the roots of E. nutans under cold stress (15/10 degrees C, 16/8 h, day/night). The results showed that lipids and lipid molecules are the highest proportion of metabolites, accounting for 14.26% of the total metabolites. The inoculation with R. irregularis had no significant effects on the activities of antioxidant enzyme in the roots of E. nutans at room temperature. However, it can significantly change the levels of some lipids and other metabolites in the roots. Under cold stress, the antioxidant enzyme activities and the levels of some metabolites in the roots of E. nutans were significantly changed. Meanwhile, most of these metabolites were enriched in the pathways related to plant metabolism. According to the correlation analysis, the activities of antioxidant enzyme were closely related to the levels of some metabolites, such as flavonoids and lipids. In conclusion, AMF may regulate the cold-resistance of Gramineae grasses by affecting plant metabolism, antioxidant enzyme activities and antioxidant-related metabolites like flavonoids and lipids. These results can provide some basis for studying the molecular mechanism of AMF regulating stress resistance of Gramineae grasses.
PMID: 37608949
iScience , IF:5.458 , 2023 Aug , V26 (8) : P107362 doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107362
Global identification of natural antisense transcripts in Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense under chilling stress.
Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, The Advanced Seed Institute, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 300058, China.; Xianghu Laboratory, Hangzhou 311231, China.; State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.; Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Building 11, Yonyou Industrial Park, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou District, Sanya, Hainan 572025, China.; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Lab, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou District, Sanya, Hainan 572025, China.
Natural antisense transcripts (NATs) in model plants have been recognized as important regulators of gene expression under abiotic stresses. However, the functional roles of NATs in crops under low temperature are still unclear. Here, we identified 815 and 689 NATs from leaves of Gossypium hirsutum and G. barbadense under chilling stress. Among those, 224 NATs were identified as interspecific homologs between the two species. The correlation coefficients for expression of NATs and their cognate sense genes (CSG) were 0.43 and 0.37 in G. hirsutum and G. barbadense, respectively. Furthermore, expression of interspecific NATs and CSGs alike was highly consistent under chilling stress with correlation coefficients of 0.90-0.91. Four cold-associated NATs were selected for functional validation using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). Our results suggest that CAN1 engage in the molecular regulation of chilling stress by regulating SnRK2.8 expression. This highly conserved NAT have valuable potential for applications in breeding cold-tolerant cotton.
PMID: 37554457
Plant Physiol Biochem , IF:4.27 , 2023 Aug , V202 : P107972 doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107972
PpBZR1, a BES/BZR transcription factor, enhances cold stress tolerance by suppressing sucrose degradation in peach fruit.
State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315800, China.; State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315800, China. Electronic address: chenyi@nbu.edu.cn.; State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315800, China. Electronic address: shaoxingfeng@nbu.edu.cn.
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are phytohormones that play numerous roles in a plant's response to environmental stress. While BES/BZR transcription factors are essential components in BR signaling, their role in regulating postharvest fruit responses to cold stress is largely unknown. In this study, the application of 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) to peaches alleviated chilling injury (CI) during postharvest cold storage. We further characterized a key BES/BZR gene, PpBZR1, which regulates peach cold resistance. Transient expression PpBZR1 in peaches showed that PpBZR1 inhibits PpVIN2 expression and VIN activity, resulting in an elevated level of sucrose, which protects fruit from CI. Arabidopsis thaliana expressing PpBZR1 that had a high germination and seedling survival rate at low temperatures, which may be due to higher level of sucrose and lower oxidative damage. Mechanistically, we confirmed that PpBZR1 directly binds to the PpVIN2 promoter and functions as a negative regulator for sucrose metabolism. In addition, PpCBF1/5/6 were induced by EBR treatment and AtCBFs were upregulated in PpBZR1 transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. Combined with previous findings, we hypothesize that PpBZR1 regulates PpVIN2 and may also be mediated by CBF. In conclusion, PpBZR1 expression is induced by EBR treatment during cold storage, which futher inhibite sucrose degradation gene PpVIN2 transcription via direct binding its promoter and indirectly regulating PpVIN2, resulting in slower sucrose degradation and higher chilling tolerance of peach.
PMID: 37611487
Plant Physiol Biochem , IF:4.27 , 2023 Aug , V202 : P107945 doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107945
Expression dosage effects of a small number of genes after the artificial doubling of weeping forsythia.
College of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Huhehaote, China; College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.; College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.; School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.; School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.; College of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Huhehaote, China; State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China. Electronic address: 20220053@imnu.edu.cn.
Whole genome doubling (WGD) plays a critical role in plant evolution, yet the mechanisms underlying the maintenance of overall equilibrium following an artificial doubling event, as well as its impact on phenotype and adaptability, remain unclear. By comparing the gene expression of naturally occurring weeping forsythia diploids and colchicine-induced autotetraploids under normal growth conditions and cold stress, we identified gene expression dosage responses resulting from ploidy change. Only a small proportion of effectively expressed genes showed dosage effect, and most genes did not exhibit significant expression differences. However, the genes that showed expression dosage effect were largely random. The autotetraploids had slower overall growth rates, possibly resulting from negative gene dosage effects on zeatin synthesis and multiple metabolic delays caused by other negative dosage genes. Our comparative analysis of cold response genes in diploids and autotetraploids revealed that genes related to "response to abscisic acid" and "cold acclimation" were key factors contributing to greater cold tolerance in the autotetraploids. In particular, gene expression related to "cold acclimation" might mitigate the effects of cold stress. Taken together, our findings suggested that overall gene expression equilibrium following WGD of weeping forsythia autotetraploids was achieved through the inactivation of the majority of duplicated genes. Our research provides new insights into the mechanisms regulating expression dosage balance following polyploidization events.
PMID: 37562202
Plant Physiol Biochem , IF:4.27 , 2023 Aug , V202 : P107930 doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107930
Genome-wide identification and expression pattern profiling of the ATP-binding cassette gene family in tea plant (Camelliasinensis).
Shaannan Eco-economy Research Center, Ankang University, 725000, Ankang, China. Electronic address: chuan_shen@aku.edu.cn.; Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Ankang University, 725000, Ankang, China.
The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) gene family is one of the largest and oldest protein families, consisting of ATP-driven transporters facilitating substrate transportation across cell membranes. However, little is known about the evolution and biological function of the ABC gene family in tea plants. In this study, we performed a genome-wide identification and expression analysis of genes encoding ABC transporter proteins in Camellia sinensis. Our analysis of 170 ABC genes revealed that CsABCs were unevenly distributed across 15 chromosomes, with an amino acid length ranging from 188 to 2489 aa, molecular weight ranging from 20.29 to 277.34 kDa, and an isoelectric point ranging from 4.89 to 10.63. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CsABCs were divided into eight subfamilies, among which the ABCG subfamily was the most abundant. Furthermore, the subcellular localization of CsABCs indicated that they were present in various organelles. Collinearity analysis between the tea plant and Arabidopsis thaliana genomes revealed that the CsABC genes were homologous to the AtABC genes. Large gene fragment duplication analysis identified ten gene pairs as tandem repeats, and interaction network analysis demonstrated that CsABCs interacted with various types of target genes, with protein interactions also occurring within the family. Tissue expression analysis indicated that CsABCs were highly expressed in roots, stems, and leaves and were easily induced by drought and cold stress. Moreover, qRT-PCR analysis of the relative expression level of the gene under drought and cold stress correlated with the sequencing results. Identifying ABC genes in tea plants lays a foundation for the classification and functional analysis of ABC family genes, which can facilitate molecular breeding and the development of new tea varieties.
PMID: 37552927
Plant Physiol Biochem , IF:4.27 , 2023 Aug , V201 : P107831 doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107831
Multifactorial role of nanoparticles in alleviating environmental stresses for sustainable crop production and protection.
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Palli Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Agriculture), Visva-Bharati, 731236, Sriniketan, West Bengal, India.; Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Palli Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Agriculture), Visva-Bharati, 731236, Sriniketan, West Bengal, India. Electronic address: sar.puranjoy1997@gmail.com.; Department of Agronomy, Palli Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Agriculture), Visva-Bharati, 731236, Sriniketan, West Bengal, India.; Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding and Seed Science and Technology, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Paralekhamundi, 761211, Odisha, India.; Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, 248 002, Uttarakhand, India.; Department of Microbiology, Raiganj University, Raiganj, 733134, Uttar Dinajpur, West Bengal, India.; Department of Microbiology, Raiganj University, Raiganj, 733134, Uttar Dinajpur, West Bengal, India. Electronic address: debasismitra3@raiganjuniversity.ac.in.
In the era of dire environmental fluctuations, plants undergo several stressors during their life span, which severely impact their development and overall growth in negative aspects. Abiotic stress factors, especially moisture stress i.e shortage (drought) or excess (flooding), salinity, temperature divergence (i.e. heat and cold stress), heavy metal toxicity, etc. create osmotic and ionic imbalance inside the plant cells, which ultimately lead to devastating crop yield, sometimes crop failure. Apart from the array of abiotic stresses, various biotic stress caused by pathogens, insects, and nematodes also affect production. Therefore, to combat these major challenges in order to increase production, several novel strategies have been adapted, among which the use of nanoparticles (NPs) i.e. nanotechnology is becoming an emerging tool in various facets of the current agriculture system, nowadays. This present review will elaborately depict the deployment and mechanisms of different NPs to withstand these biotic and abiotic stresses, along with a brief overview and indication of the future research works to be oriented based on the steps provided for future research in advance NPs application through the sustainable way.
PMID: 37418817
Plant Physiol Biochem , IF:4.27 , 2023 Aug , V201 : P107799 doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107799
Transcriptomic and physiological analyses reveal changes in secondary metabolite and endogenous hormone in ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) in response to postharvest chilling stress.
Spice Crops Research Institute, College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China.; Jingzhou Jiazhiyuan Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China.; College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China.; Spice Crops Research Institute, College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China. Electronic address: liung906@163.com.; Spice Crops Research Institute, College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China. Electronic address: xbnlzyx@163.com.
Storing postharvest ginger at low temperatures can extend its shelf life, but can also lead to chilling injury, loss of flavor, and excessive water loss. To investigate the effects of chilling stress on ginger quality, morphological, physiological, and transcriptomic changes were examined after storage at 26 degrees C, 10 degrees C, and 2 degrees C for 24 h. Compared to 26 degrees C and 10 degrees C, storage at 2 degrees C significantly increased the concentrations of lignin, soluble sugar, flavonoids, and phenolics, as well as the accumulation of H(2)O(2), O(2-), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Additionally, chilling stress inhibited the levels of indoleacetic acid, while enhancing gibberellin, abscisic acid, and jasmonic acid, which may have increased postharvest ginger's adaptation to chilling. Storage at 10 degrees C decreased lignin concentration and oxidative damage, and induced less fluctuant changes in enzymes and hormones than storage at 2 degrees C. RNA-seq revealed that the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) increased with decreasing temperature. Functional enrichment analysis of the 523 DEGs that exhibited similar expression patterns between all treatments indicated that they were primarily enriched in phytohormone signaling, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and cold-associated MAPK signaling pathways. Key enzymes related to 6-gingerol and curcumin biosynthesis were downregulated at 2 degrees C, suggesting that cold storage may negatively impact ginger quality. Additionally, 2 degrees C activated the MKK4/5-MPK3/6-related protein kinase pathway, indicating that chilling may increase the risk of ginger pathogenesis.
PMID: 37271022
Plant Physiol Biochem , IF:4.27 , 2023 Aug , V202 : P107924 doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107924
Integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics analysis reveals that the change of apoplast metabolites contributes to adaptation to winter freezing stress in Euonymus japonicus.
Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, 100081, China; Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.; Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, 100081, China; Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China. Electronic address: gaofei@muc.edu.cn.
Euonymus japonicus, a common urban street tree, can withstand winter freezing stress in temperate regions. The apoplast is the space outside the plasma membrane, and the changes of metabolites in apoplast may be involved in plant adaptation to adverse environments. To reveal the molecular mechanism underlying the winter freezing stress tolerance in E. japonicus, the changes in physiological and biochemical indexes, apoplast metabolites, and gene expression in the leaves of E. japonicus in early autumn and winter were analyzed. A total of 300 differentially accumulated metabolites were identified in apoplast fluids in E. japonicus, which were mainly related to flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, and galactose metabolism, amino acid synthesis, and unsaturated fatty acid synthesis. Integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics analysis revealed that E. japonicus adjust apoplast metabolites including flavonoids such as quercetin and kaempferol, and oligosaccharides such as raffinose and stachyose, to adapt to winter freezing stress through gene expression regulation. In addition, the regulation of ABA and SA biosynthesis and signal transduction pathways, as well as the activation of the antioxidant enzymes, also played important roles in the adaptation to winter freezing stress in E. japonicus. The present study provided essential data for understanding the molecular mechanism underlying the adaptation to winter freezing stress in E. japonicus.
PMID: 37541019
Genes (Basel) , IF:4.096 , 2023 Aug , V14 (8) doi: 10.3390/genes14081598
Hub Gene Mining and Co-Expression Network Construction of Low-Temperature Response in Maize of Seedling by WGCNA.
Maize Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China.; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Northern Northeast Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150086, China.; Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources Creation and Utilization of Maize, Harbin 150086, China.
Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) is a research method in systematic biology. It is widely used to identify gene modules related to target traits in multi-sample transcriptome data. In order to further explore the molecular mechanism of maize response to low-temperature stress at the seedling stage, B144 (cold stress tolerant) and Q319 (cold stress sensitive) provided by the Maize Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences were used as experimental materials, and both inbred lines were treated with 5 degrees C for 0 h, 12 h, and 24 h, with the untreated material as a control. Eighteen leaf samples were used for transcriptome sequencing, with three biological replicates. Based on the above transcriptome data, co-expression networks of weighted genes associated with low-temperature-tolerance traits were constructed by WGCNA. Twelve gene modules significantly related to low-temperature tolerance at the seedling stage were obtained, and a number of hub genes involved in low-temperature stress regulation pathways were discovered from the four modules with the highest correlation with target traits. These results provide clues for further study on the molecular genetic mechanisms of low-temperature tolerance in maize at the seedling stage.
PMID: 37628649
Biochimie , IF:4.079 , 2023 Aug doi: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.08.004
Transmembrane and PAS domains of the histidine kinase Hik33 as regulators of cold and light responses in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803.
K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow, 127276, Russia.; K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow, 127276, Russia. Electronic address: losda@ippras.ru.
The PAS (Per-ARNT-Sim) domain is a sensory protein regulatory module found in archaea, prokaryotes, and eukaryotes. Histidine and serine/threonine protein kinases, chemo- and photoreceptors, circadian rhythm regulators, ion channels, phosphodiesterases, and other cellular response regulators are among these proteins. Hik33 is a multifunctional sensory histidine kinase that is implicated in cyanobacterial responses to cold, salt, hyperosmotic, and oxidative stressors. The functional roles of individual Hik33 domains in signal transduction were investigated in this study. Synechocystis Hik33 deletion variants were developed, in which either both or a portion of the transmembrane domains and/or the PAS domain were deleted. Cold stress was applied to the mutant strains either under illumination or in the dark. The findings show that the transmembrane domains govern temperature responses, whereas PAS domain may be involved in regulation of downstream gene expression in light-dependent manner.
PMID: 37567357
J Proteomics , IF:4.044 , 2023 Aug , V288 : P104994 doi: 10.1016/j.jprot.2023.104994
Ubiquitylome analysis reveals the involvement of ubiquitination in the cold responses of banana seedling leaves.
Subtropical Agriculture Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhangzhou, Fujian 363005, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: linw102@163.com.; Subtropical Agriculture Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhangzhou, Fujian 363005, People's Republic of China.; Academy of Sericulture Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, People's Republic of China.
Low temperature is a crucial environmental factor limiting the productivity and distribution of banana. Ubiquitination (Kub) is one of the main posttranslational modifications (PTMs) involved in plant responses to abiotic stresses. However, little information is available on the effects of Kub on banana under cold stress. In this study, we used label-free quantification (LFQ) to identify changes in the protein expression and Kub levels in banana seedling leaves after chilling treatment. In total, 4156 proteins, 1089 ubiquitinated proteins and 2636 Kub sites were quantified. Western blot assays showed that Kub was abundant in leaves after low-temperature treatment. Our results show that the proteome and ubiquitylome were negatively correlated, indicating that Kub could be involved in the degradation of proteins in banana after chilling treatment. Based on bioinformatics analysis, low-temperature stress-related signals and metabolic pathways such as cold acclimation, glutathione metabolism, calcium signaling, and photosynthesis signaling were identified. In addition, we found that transcription factors and chromatin remodeling factors related to low-temperature stress were ubiquitinated. Overall, our work presents the first systematic analysis of the Kub proteome in banana under cold stress and provides support for future studies on the regulatory mechanisms of Kub during the cold stress response in plants. SIGNIFICANCE: Banana is a typical tropical fruit tree with poor low-temperature tolerance,however, the role of PTMs such as Kub in the cold response of banana remains unclear. This study highlights the fact that the effects of low-temperature on proteome and ubiquitylome in the banana seedling leaves, we discussed the correlation between transcriptome and proteome, ubiquitylome and proteome, and we analyzed the expression and the changes of ubiquitination levels of low-temperature related proteins and pathway after chilling treatment, and we found that transcription factors and chromatin remodeling factors related to low-temperature stress were ubiquitinated. This study provides new insights into the ubiquitination pathway of banana under cold stress.
PMID: 37598917
Plants (Basel) , IF:3.935 , 2023 Aug , V12 (16) doi: 10.3390/plants12162929
Structural and Functional Analysis of the MADS-Box Genes Reveals Their Functions in Cold Stress Responses and Flower Development in Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis).
Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Fujian Province, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.; College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.; Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
MADS-box genes comprise a large family of transcription factors that play crucial roles in all aspects of plant growth and development. However, no detailed information on the evolutionary relationship and functional characterization of MADS-box genes is currently available for some representative lineages, such as the Camellia plant. In this study, 136 MADS-box genes were detected from a reference genome of the tea plant (Camellia sinensis) by employing a 569 bp HMM (Hidden Markov Model) developed using nucleotide sequencing including 73 type I and 63 type II genes. An additional twenty-seven genes were identified, with five MIKC-type genes. Truncated and/or inaccurate gene models were manually verified and curated to improve their functional characterization. Subsequently, phylogenetic relationships, chromosome locations, conserved motifs, gene structures, and gene expression profiles were systematically investigated. Tea plant MIKC genes were divided into all 14 major eudicot subfamilies, and no gene was found in Mbeta. The expansion of MADS-box genes in the tea plant was mainly contributed by WGD/fragment and tandem duplications. The expression profiles of tea plant MADS-box genes in different tissues and seasons were analyzed, revealing widespread evolutionary conservation and genetic redundancy. The expression profiles linked to cold stress treatments suggested the wide involvement of MADS-box genes from the tea plant in response to low temperatures. Moreover, a floral 'ABCE' model was proposed in the tea plant and proved to be both conserved and ancient. Our analyses offer a detailed overview of MADS-box genes in the tea plant, allowing us to hypothesize the potential functions of unknown genes and providing a foundation for further functional characterizations.
PMID: 37631141
Plants (Basel) , IF:3.935 , 2023 Aug , V12 (16) doi: 10.3390/plants12162928
The Overexpression of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) AhALDH2B6 in Soybean Enhances Cold Resistance.
College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.; Northeast Institute of Geography, Agroecology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China.; Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, China.
Soybeans are the main source of oils and protein for humans and animals; however, cold stress jeopardizes their growth and limits the soybean planting area. Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH) are conserved enzymes that catalyze aldehyde oxidation for detoxification in response to stress. Additionally, transgenic breeding is an efficient method for producing stress-resistant germplasms. In this study, the peanut ALDH gene AhALDH2B6 was heterologously expressed in soybean, and its function was tested. We performed RNA-seq using transgenic and wild-type soybeans with and without cold treatment to investigate the potential mechanism. Transgenic soybeans developed stronger cold tolerance, with longer roots and taller stems than P3 soybeans. Biochemically, the transgenic soybeans exhibited a decrease in malondialdehyde activity and an increase in peroxidase and catalase content, both of which are indicative of stress alleviation. They also possessed higher levels of ALDH enzyme activity. Two phenylpropanoid-related pathways were specifically enriched in up-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including the phenylpropanoid metabolic process and phenylpropanoid biosynthetic process. Our findings suggest that AhALDH2B6 specifically up-regulates genes involved in oxidoreductase-related functions such as peroxidase, oxidoreductase, monooxygenase, and antioxidant activity, which is partially consistent with our biochemical data. These findings established the function of AhALDH2B6, especially its role in cold stress processes, and provided a foundation for molecular plant breeding, especially plant-stress-resistance breeding.
PMID: 37631140
Langmuir , IF:3.882 , 2023 Aug , V39 (33) : P11664-11674 doi: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01244
Biophysical Properties of Lipid Membranes from Barley Roots during Low-Temperature Exposure and Recovery.
CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Instituto de Biotecnologia Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS), Rio Cuarto, X5804BYA Cordoba, Argentina.; FCEFQyN, Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Rio Cuarto, X5804BYA Cordoba, Argentina.; Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Departamento de Quimica Biologica Ranwel Caputto, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, X5000HUA Cordoba, Argentina.; Centro de Investigaciones en Quimica Biologica de Cordoba (CIQUIBIC), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, X5000HUA Cordoba, Argentina.
Glycerolipid remodeling, a dynamic mechanism for plant subsistence under cold stress, has been posited to affect the biophysical properties of cell membranes. In barley roots, remodeling has been observed to take place upon exposure to chilling stress and to be partially reverted during stress relief. In this study, we explored the biophysical characteristics of membranes formed with lipids extracted from barley roots subjected to chilling stress, or during a subsequent short- or long-term recovery. Our aim was to determine to what extent barley roots were able to offset the adverse effects of temperature on their cell membranes. For this purpose, we analyzed the response of the probe Laurdan inserted in bilayers of different extracts, the zeta potential of liposomes, and the behavior of Langmuir monolayers upon compression. We found important changes in the order of water molecules, which is in agreement with the changes in the unsaturation index of lipids due to remodeling. Regarding Langmuir monolayers, we found that films from all the extracts showed a reorganization at a surface pressure that depends on temperature. This reorganization occurred with an increase in entropy for extracts from control plants and without entropy changes for extracts from acclimated plants. In summary, some membrane properties were recovered after the stress, while others were not, suggesting that the membrane biophysical properties play a role in the mechanism of plant acclimation to chilling. These findings contribute to our understanding of the impact of lipid remodeling on biophysical modifications in plant roots.
PMID: 37561912
J Appl Microbiol , IF:3.772 , 2023 Aug , V134 (8) doi: 10.1093/jambio/lxad176
Acinetobacter oleivorans IRS14 alleviates cold stress in wheat by regulating physiological and biochemical factors.
Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India.; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
AIMS: Climate change is responsible for extreme cold winters, causing a significant loss in crop yield and productivity due to chilling stress. This study aims to investigate the potential of psychrotrophic plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strain to promote wheat growth under cold stress and explore the adaptive responses of wheat. METHODS AND RESULTS: Wheat seeds and seedlings were inoculated with the psychrotrophic strain IRS14 and the plants were cultivated for five weeks at 6 degrees C +/- 2 degrees C. The genetic, biochemical, physiological, and molecular analysis of the bacterium and plant was done to evaluate the effect of the PGPR strain in alleviating chilling stress. IRS14 possesses antioxidant activity and produced multiple phytohormones, which enhanced seed germination ( approximately 50%) and plant growth ( approximately 50%) during chilling stress. CONCLUSIONS: Here, we reported that the application of IRS14 helps to regulate the biochemical and metabolic pathways in wheat plants. It alleviates chilling stress and increases plant growth rate and biomass. Strain IRS14 in wheat effectively increased chlorophyll content, antioxidants, carotenoid, proline, and endogenous phytohormones compared with untreated wheat.
PMID: 37550224
J Plant Physiol , IF:3.549 , 2023 Aug , V287 : P154062 doi: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154062
AeWRKY32 from okra regulates anthocyanin accumulation and cold tolerance in Arabidopsis.
College of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, Jiangsu, 224002, China.; State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China. Electronic address: xiongaisheng@njau.edu.cn.; College of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, Jiangsu, 224002, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China. Electronic address: sunm@yctu.edu.cn.
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) is a tropical crop species, and its growth and development are severely affected by cold stress. Recent studies have identified a potential association between WRKY transcription factors and the cold response mechanism of crops. In this study, the AeWRKY32 transcription factor that encodes 482 amino acids was amplified from A. esculentus, and its expression level was found to be the highest in the okra flower. AeWRKY32 localized to the nucleus and displayed transcriptional activation capability. Under normal conditions, overexpression of AeWRKY32 induced anthocyanin accumulation, with higher expression levels of AtCHS1, AtCHI4, AtF3H1, and AtDFR2 in transgenic Arabidopsis. Under cold stress, anthocyanin levels were further elevated in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. At the same time, AeWRKY32 overexpression promoted ABA biosynthesis, inhibited H(2)O(2) and O(2)(-) generation, induced stomatal closure, reduced electrolyte leakage, and thus improved the cold resistance of transgenic Arabidopsis. Furthermore, under cold stress, the expression profiles of AtCOR413, AtCOR15B, AtCBF1, and AtCBF2 were upregulated in transgenic Arabidopsis. Overall, our study provides evidence that AeWRKY32 serves as a crucial regulator in both anthocyanin accumulation and cold tolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis. Our findings could provide insights into the molecular mechanism linking AeWRKYs to plant cold tolerance.
PMID: 37540924
Protoplasma , IF:3.356 , 2023 Sep , V260 (5) : P1349-1364 doi: 10.1007/s00709-023-01854-6
Comparative transcriptome analysis of grafting to improve chilling tolerance of cucumber.
State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Key Laboratory of Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huanghuai Region, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.; Tai'an Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tai'an, 271000, China.; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Key Laboratory of Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huanghuai Region, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China. bhg163@163.com.
Grafting with pumpkin as rootstock could improve chilling tolerance of cucumber; however, the underlying mechanism of grafting-induced chilling tolerance remains unclear. Here, we analyzed the difference of physiological and transcriptional level between own-rooted (Cs/Cs) and hetero-grafted (Cs/Cm) cucumber seedlings under chilling stress. The results showed that grafting with pumpkin significantly alleviated the chilling injury as evidenced by slightly symptoms, lower contents of electrolyte leakage (EL), malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), and superoxide anion (O(2)(-)) and higher relative water content in Cs/Cm seedlings compared with Cs/Cs seedlings under chilling stress. RNA-seq data showed that grafting induced more DGEs at 8 degrees C/5 degrees C compared with 25 degrees C/18 degrees C. In accordance with the increase of the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT, APX), grafting upregulated the expression of the regulated redox-related genes such as GST, SOD, and APX. Moreover, grafting increased the expression of genes participated in central carbon metabolism to promote the conversion and decomposition of sugar, which provided more energy for the growth of Cs/Cm seedlings under chilling stress. In addition, grafting regulated the genes involved in the intracellular signal transduction pathways such as calcium signal (CAML, CML, and CDPK) and inositol phospholipid signal (PLC), as well as changed the gene expression of plant hormone signal transduction pathways (ARF, GAI, ABF, and PYR/PYL). These results provide a physiological and transcriptional basis for the molecular mechanism of grafting-induced chilling tolerance of cucumber seedlings.
PMID: 36949344
J Appl Genet , IF:3.24 , 2023 Sep , V64 (3) : P393-408 doi: 10.1007/s13353-023-00761-z
Comprehensive analyses of microtubule-associated protein MAP65 family genes in Cucurbitaceae and CsaMAP65s expression profiles in cucumber.
Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.; Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China. masi@cau.edu.cn.; Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China. tianyq1984@cau.edu.cn.
MAP65 is a microtubule-binding protein family in plants and plays crucial roles in regulating cell growth and development, intercellular communication, and plant responses to various environmental stresses. However, MAP65s in Cucurbitaceae are still less understood. In this study, a total of 40 MAP65s were identified from six Cucurbitaceae species (Cucumis sativus L., Citrullus lanatus, Cucumis melo L., Cucurbita moschata, Lagenaria siceraria, and Benincasa hispida) and classified into five groups by phylogenetic analysis according to gene structures and conserved domains. A conserved domain (MAP65_ASE1) was found in all MAP65 proteins. In cucumber, we isolated six CsaMAP65s with different expression patterns in tissues including root, stem, leaf, female flower, male flower, and fruit. Subcellular localizations of CsaMAP65s verified that all CsaMAP65s were localized in microtubule and microfilament. Analyses of the promoter regions of CsaMAP65s have screened different cis-acting regulatory elements involved in growth and development and responses to hormone and stresses. In addition, CsaMAP65-5 in leaves was significantly upregulated by salt stress, and this promotion effect was higher in cucumber cultivars with salt tolerant than that without salt tolerant. CsaMAP65-1 in leaves was significantly upregulated by cold stress, and this promotion was higher in cold-tolerant cultivar than intolerant cultivar. With the genome-wide characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Cucurbitaceae MAP65s, and the expression profile of CsaMAP65s in cucumber, this study laid a foundation for further study on MAP65 functions in developmental processes and responses to abiotic stress in Cucurbitaceae species.
PMID: 37219731
PLoS One , IF:3.24 , 2023 , V18 (8) : Pe0289563 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289563
Spermidine enhances chilling tolerance of kale seeds by modulating ROS and phytohormone metabolism.
Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.; Taizhou Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Taizhou, China.; Huzhou Keao Seed Co., Ltd., Huzhou, China.
Chilling stress is an important constraint for kale seed germination and seedlings establishment. It is vital to develop an effective approach to enhance kale seed germination ability under chilling stress. The present study reported that spermidine (Spd) could improve seed chilling tolerance in two kale cultivars 'Nagoya' (MGW) and 'Pigeon' (BB) during germination. The results showed that MGW was cold tolerant with a 90.67% germination percentage (GP) under chilling stress, while BB was cold sensitive with a 70.67% GP under chilling stress. Spd content in MGW and BB seeds during seed germination were up-regulated and down-regulated by chilling stress, respectively. Besides, chilling stress apparently decreased the gibberellin (GA) and ethylene (ET) contents, while increased the levels of abscisic acid (ABA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in MGW and BB seeds during germination. Exogenous Spd application increased GA, ET contents and decreased ABA content through regulating the gene expressions of metabolic-related enzymes, thus effectively alleviating the low temperature damage on kale seed germination. Besides, Spd significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD), and reduced the levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide anion (O2.-). The present study demonstrated that endogenous Spd metabolism plays an important role in kale seed germination under chilling stress. The effect of exogenous Spd on the metabolism of endogenous Spd, GA, ABA, ET and antioxidant enzymes might be the important reason for promoting the kale seed vigor at low temperature.
PMID: 37535595
G3 (Bethesda) , IF:3.154 , 2023 Aug doi: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad187
Probing the physiological role of the plastid outer-envelope membrane using the oemiR plasmid collection.
Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.; Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.; School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA.; Independent researcher.
Plastids are the site of complex biochemical pathways, most prominently photosynthesis. The organelle evolved through endosymbiosis with a cyanobacterium, which is exemplified by the outer envelope (OE) membrane that harbors more than 40 proteins in Arabidopsis. Their evolutionary conservation indicates high significance for plant cell function. While a few proteins are well-studied as part of the protein translocon complex the majority of OE protein (OEP) functions is unclear. Gaining a deeper functional understanding has been complicated by the lack of observable loss-of-function mutant phenotypes, which is often rooted in functional genetic redundancy. Therefore, we designed OE-specific artificial micro RNAs (oemiRs) capable of downregulating transcripts from several loci simultaneously. We successfully tested oemiR function by performing a proof-of-concept screen for pale and cold-sensitive mutants. An in-depth analysis of pale mutant alleles deficient in the translocon component TOC75 using proteomics provided new insights into putative compensatory import pathways. The cold stress screen not only recapitulated three previously known phenotypes of cold-sensitive mutants, but also identified four mutants of additional oemiR OE loci. Altogether our study revealed a role of the OE to tolerate cold conditions and showcasts the power of the oemiR collection to research the significance of OEPs.
PMID: 37572358
G3 (Bethesda) , IF:3.154 , 2023 Aug , V13 (8) doi: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad116
Genomics and phenomics enabled prebreeding improved early-season chilling tolerance in Sorghum.
Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.; USDA-ARS, Plant Stress & Germplasm Development Unit, Cropping Systems Research Laboratory, Lubbock, TX 79415, USA.; Western Kansas Agricultural Research Center, Kansas State University, Hays, KS 67601, USA.; Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.; Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, IFAS Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, FL 33598, USA.; Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.; Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
In temperate climates, earlier planting of tropical-origin crops can provide longer growing seasons, reduce water loss, suppress weeds, and escape post-flowering drought stress. However, chilling sensitivity of sorghum, a tropical-origin cereal crop, limits early planting, and over 50 years of conventional breeding has been stymied by coinheritance of chilling tolerance (CT) loci with undesirable tannin and dwarfing alleles. In this study, phenomics and genomics-enabled approaches were used for prebreeding of sorghum early-season CT. Uncrewed aircraft systems (UAS) high-throughput phenotyping platform tested for improving scalability showed moderate correlation between manual and UAS phenotyping. UAS normalized difference vegetation index values from the chilling nested association mapping population detected CT quantitative trait locus (QTL) that colocalized with manual phenotyping CT QTL. Two of the 4 first-generation Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) molecular markers, generated using the peak QTL single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), failed to function in an independent breeding program as the CT allele was common in diverse breeding lines. Population genomic fixation index analysis identified SNP CT alleles that were globally rare but common to the CT donors. Second-generation markers, generated using population genomics, were successful in tracking the donor CT allele in diverse breeding lines from 2 independent sorghum breeding programs. Marker-assisted breeding, effective in introgressing CT allele from Chinese sorghums into chilling-sensitive US elite sorghums, improved early-planted seedling performance ratings in lines with CT alleles by up to 13-24% compared to the negative control under natural chilling stress. These findings directly demonstrate the effectiveness of high-throughput phenotyping and population genomics in molecular breeding of complex adaptive traits.
PMID: 37232400
Plant Biol (Stuttg) , IF:3.081 , 2023 Aug , V25 (5) : P727-739 doi: 10.1111/plb.13529
Low-order fine roots of Picea asperata have different physiological mechanisms in response to seasonal freeze and freeze-thaw of soil.
CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China.; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
Seasonal soil freezing (F) and freeze-thaw cycles (FTCs) are common natural phenomena in high latitude or altitude areas of the world, and seriously affect plant physiological processes. However, studies on the effect of soil F and FTCs on fine roots are less common, especially in subalpine coniferous forests of western Sichuan, China. We set up a controlled experiment in growth chambers to explore the effects of F and FTCs on low-order fine roots of Picea asperata and differential responses of first-order roots and the first three root orders (1st, 2nd and 3rd order roots combined as a unit). Soil F and FTCs resulted in serious damage to cell membranes and root vitality of low-order fine roots, accompanied by increased MDA content and O(2) .(-) production. FTCs had a stronger effect than F treatment. In turn, low-order fine roots are the unit that responds to cold stress. These roots had increased unsaturated fatty acid contents, antioxidant enzyme activities, osmolytes and plant hormones contents when acclimation to cold stress. The first-order roots were more sensitive to cold stress than the combined first three root orders for several processes (e.g. antioxidant enzymes, osmolytes and hormones) because of their specific structure and physiological activity. This study explains physiological differences in responses of fine roots of different root orders to seasonal soil freezing, which will improve the understanding of fine root heterogeneity and support agriculture and forest management.
PMID: 37070367
PeerJ , IF:2.984 , 2023 , V11 : Pe15644 doi: 10.7717/peerj.15644
Seed bio-priming with beneficial Trichoderma harzianum alleviates cold stress in maize.
Department of Plant Production and Genetic Engineering, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Ardabil, Iran.; Department of Microbiology, PSGVP Mandal's S I Patil Arts, G B Patel Science and STKV Sangh Commerce College, Shahada, India.; Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Agriculture Institute, Research Institute of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.; Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.; Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.; Department of Soil Science, Padjadjaran University, Jatinangor, Indonesia.
Maize is one of the major crops in the world and the most productive member of the Gramineae family. Since cold stress affects the germination, growth, and productivity of corn seeds, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of seed biopriming with Trichoderma harzianum on the tolerance of two genotypes of maize seedlings to cold stress. This study was conducted in triplicates in factorial experiment with a complete randomized block design (CRBD). The study was conducted in the greenhouse and laboratory of the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. Experimental factors include two cultivars (AR68 cold-resistant and KSC703 cold-sensitive maize cultivars), four pretreatment levels (control, biopriming with T. harzianum, exogenous T. harzianum, and hydropriming), and two levels of cold stress (control and cold at 5 degrees C) in a hydroponic culture medium. The present study showed that maize leaves' establishment rate and maximum fluorescence (Fm) are affected by triple effects (C*, P*, S). The highest establishment (99.66%) and Fm (994 units) rates were observed in the KP3 control treatment. Moreover, among the pretreatments, the highest (0.476 days) and the lowest (0.182 days) establishment rates were related to P0 and P3 treatments, respectively. Cultivar A showed higher chlorophyll a and b, carotenoid content, and establishment rate compared to cultivar K in both optimal and cold conditions. The highest root dry weight (11.84 units) was obtained in cultivar A with P3 pretreatment. The pretreatments with T. harzianum increased physiological parameters and seedling emergence of maize under cold and optimal stress conditions. Pretreatment and cultivar improved catalase activity in roots and leaves. Higher leaf and root catalase activity was observed in the roots and leaves of cultivar K compared to cultivar A. The cold treatment significantly differed in peroxidase activity from the control treatment. Cultivar K showed higher catalase activity than cultivar A. The main effects of pretreatment and cold on polyphenol oxidase activity and proline content showed the highest polyphenol oxidase activity and proline content in hydropriming (H) treatment. Cold treatment also showed higher polyphenol oxidase activity and proline content than cold-free conditions.
PMID: 37645014
J Therm Biol , IF:2.902 , 2023 Aug , V117 : P103677 doi: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103677
Effect of thermal acclimation on the tolerance of the peach fruit fly (Bactrocera zonata: Tephritidae) to heat and cold stress.
Department of Entomology, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon Letzion, 7528809, Israel. Electronic address: michaelb@volcani.agri.gov.il.; Department of Entomology, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon Letzion, 7528809, Israel.; Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece.
Understanding the thermal biology of insects is of increasing importance for predicting their geographic distribution, particularly in light of current and future global temperature increases. Within the limits set by genetic makeup, thermal tolerance is affected by the physiological conditioning of individuals (e.g., through acclimation). Considering this phenotypic plasticity may add to accurately estimating changes to the distribution of insects under a changing climate. We studied the effect of thermal acclimation on cold and heat tolerance of the peach fruit fly (Bactrocera zonata) - an invasive, polyphagous pest that is currently expanding through Africa and the Middle East. Females and males were acclimated at 20, 25 and 30 degrees C for up to 19 days following adult emergence. The critical thermal minimum (CT(min)) and maximum (CT(max)) were subsequently recorded as well adult survival following acute exposure to chilling (0 or -3 degrees C for 2 h). Additionally, we determined the survival of pupae subjected for 2 h to temperatures ranging from -12 degrees C to 5 degrees C. We demonstrate that acclimation at 30 degrees C resulted in significantly higher CT(max) and CT(min) values (higher heat resistance and lower cold resistance, respectively). Additionally, adult recovery following exposure to -3 degrees C was significantly reduced following acclimation at 30 degrees C, and this effect was significantly higher for females. Pupal mortality increased with the decrease in temperature, reaching LT(50) and LT(95) values following exposure to -0.32 degrees C and -6.88 degrees C, respectively. Finally, we found that the survival of pupae subjected to 0 and 2 degrees C steadily increased with pupal age. Our findings substantiate a physiological foundation for understanding the current geographic range of B. zonata. We assume that acclimation at 30 degrees C affected the thermal tolerance of the flies partly through modulating feeding and metabolism. Tolerance to chilling during the pupal stage probably changed according to temperature-sensitive processes occurring during metamorphosis, rendering younger pupae more sensitive to chilling.
PMID: 37643512
Transgenic Res , IF:2.788 , 2023 Aug , V32 (4) : P339-349 doi: 10.1007/s11248-023-00355-9
Development of Agrobacterium-mediated in planta transformation protocol through coleoptile in rice.
Faculty of Life Science, Kim Il Sung University, Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea. uh.ho@ryongnamsan.edu.kp.; Faculty of Life Science, Kim Il Sung University, Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea.; The Sci-Tech Complex, Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea.; Pyongyang Floriculture Institute, Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea.; Branch of Biotechnology, The State Academy of Science, Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea.
Genetic modification of rice is mainly carried out by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of callus accompanied by tissue culture. It is time consuming, laborious and unapplicable for cultivars unable to induce callus. In this study, we have reported a novel gene transfer protocol that involves pulling out primary leaf from coleoptile and injection of Agrobacterium culture into the empty channel. Out of 25 plants survived after injection of Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA105 culture harboring pCAMBIA1301-RD29A-AtDREB1A, 8 T(0) plants revealed the expected size of around 811 bp corresponding to AtDREB1A gene and Southern blotting analysis on 18 T(1) plants suggested introgression of AtDREB1A. 3 T(2) lines (7-9, 12-3, 18-6) exhibited accumulation of free proline and soluble sugars, yet increase of chlorophyll content, but decrease of electrolyte leakage and methane dicarboxylic aldehyde under cold stress condition at the vegetative growth stage. Yield components investigation on T(2) lines showed earlier heading date and no yield loss compared to wild type plants grown under normal condition. GUS expression analysis and integrated transgene detection in T(0) and T(1) plants followed by evaluation of cold stress tolerance in T(2) lines suggest the advantage of this in planta transformation protocol to obtain transgenic rice.
PMID: 37318700
Mol Biol Rep , IF:2.316 , 2023 Sep , V50 (9) : P7319-7331 doi: 10.1007/s11033-023-08635-7
Comparative physiological, antioxidant and proteomic investigation reveal robust response to cold stress in Digitalis purpurea L.
Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, 190 006, Jammu and Kashmir, India.; Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, 190 006, Jammu and Kashmir, India. riffatminhaj@kashmiruniversity.ac.in.
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: Digitalis purpurea (L) is an important medicinal plant growing at Alpine region of Himalayas and withstands low temperatures and harsh climatic conditions existing at high altitude. It serves as an ideal plant system to decipher the tolerance to cold stress (CS) in plants from high altitudes. METHODS AND RESULTS: To understand the complexity of plant response to CS, we performed a comparative physiological and biochemical study complemented with proteomics in one-month-old D. purpurea grown at 25 degrees C (control) and 4 degrees C (CS). We observed an enhanced accumulation of different osmo-protectants (glycine betaine, soluble sugar and proline) and higher transcription (mRNA levels) of various antioxidant enzymes with an increased antioxidant enzyme activity in D. purpurea when exposed to CS. Furthermore, higher concentrations of non-enzymatic antioxidants (flavonoids, phenolics) was also associated with the response to CS. Differential proteomic analysis revealed the role of various proteins primarily involved in redox reactions, protein stabilization, quinone and sterol metabolism involved in CS response in D. purpurea.. CONCLUSION: Our results provide a framework for better understanding the physiological and molecular mechanism of CS response in D. purpurea at high altitudes.
PMID: 37439898
Mol Biol Rep , IF:2.316 , 2023 Aug , V50 (8) : P6997-7015 doi: 10.1007/s11033-023-08584-1
Molecular and genetic perspectives of cold tolerance in wheat.
Department of Plant Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan.; Department of Plant Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan. alvinagul@yahoo.com.; Department of Industrial Biotechnology, ASAB, NUST, Islamabad, Pakistan.; Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SCPS, STMU, Islamabad, Pakistan.; Department of Microbiology, Quaid-I-Azam University (QAU), Islamabad, Pakistan.; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Nigde Omer Halisdemir University, Nigde, Turkey.; Botany Department and Centre for Environmental Studies, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey. munirozturk@gmail.com.
Environmental variation is the most crucial problem as it is causing food insecurity and negatively impacts food availability, utilization, assessment, and stability. Wheat is the largest and extensively cultivated staple food crop for fulfilling global food requirements. Abiotic stresses including salinity, heavy metal toxicity, drought, extreme temperatures, and oxidative stresses being the primary cause of productivity loss are a serious threat to agronomy. Cold stress is a foremost ecological constraint that is extremely influencing plant development, and yield. It is extremely hampering the propagative development of plant life. The structure and function of plant cells depend on the cell's immune system. The stresses due to cold, affect fluid in the plasma membrane and change it into crystals or a solid gel phase. Plants being sessile in nature have evolved progressive systems that permit them to acclimatize the cold stress at the physiological as well as molecular levels. The phenomenon of acclimatisation of plants to cold stress has been investigated for the last 10 years. Studying cold tolerance is critical for extending the adaptability zones of perennial grasses. In the present review, we have elaborated the current improvement of cold tolerance in plants from molecular and physiological viewpoints, such as hormones, the role of the posttranscriptional gene, micro RNAs, ICE-CBF-COR signaling route in cold acclimatization and how they are stimulating the expression of underlying genes encoding osmoregulatory elements and strategies to improve cold tolerance in wheat.
PMID: 37378744
Plant Signal Behav , IF:2.247 , 2023 Dec , V18 (1) : P2250891 doi: 10.1080/15592324.2023.2250891
Identification, expression analysis of quinoa betalain biosynthesis genes and their role in seed germination and cold stress.
College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China.; College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China.
Betalains provide Chenopodium quinoa bright color, and the key enzyme genes for betalain biosynthesis include CYP76AD, DODA, and GTs. In this study, 59 CqCYP76AD, CqDODA and CqGTs genes in quinoa were identified and characterized by gene structural characteristics, phylogenetic relationships and gene expression patterns. The CqCYP76AD genes were divided into a, beta and gamma types, CqDODA into a and beta types, and CqGTs into CqcDOPA5GT, CqB5GT and CqB6GT types according to phylogenetic relationships. The analysis of co-linearity identified eight pairs of duplicated genes which were subjected to purifying selection during evolution. CqCYP76AD and CqDODA, as well as CqcDOPA5GT and CqB5GT may have been evolutionarily linked in genetic inheritance, based on gene location and gene structure study. The tissue expression specificity of CqCYP76AD, CqDODA, and CqGTs genes in response to seed germination and cold stress was studied by RNA-Seq data. The genes CqCYP76AD, CqDODA, and CqGTs were involved in betalain biosynthesis and cold stress. CqCYP76AD, CqDODA, CqcDOPA5GT and CqB5GT gene sequences were consistent in the eight quinoa samples and showed significant variations in expression. In contrast, the inconsistency between changes in gene expression and betalain accumulation indicates that other factors may influence betalain biosynthesis in quinoa. This study offers the theoretical basis for the roles of the CqCYP76AD, CqDODA, and CqGTs genes in betalain biosynthesis and cold stress in quinoa, as well as a guide for the full utilization of betalains in quinoa plants.
PMID: 37616475
Plant Signal Behav , IF:2.247 , 2023 Dec , V18 (1) : P2213924 doi: 10.1080/15592324.2023.2213924
Genome-wide analysis of the CDPK gene family and their important roles response to cold stress in white clover.
Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.; International Agriculture Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.; Flower Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.; Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baoshan, Yunnan, China.
Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are an important class of calcium-sensitive response proteins that play an important regulatory role in response to abiotic stresses. To date, little is known about the CDPK genes in white clover. White clover is a high-quality forage grass with high protein content, but it is susceptible to cold stress. Therefore, we performed a genome-wide analysis of the CDPK gene family in white clover and identified 50 members of the CDPK genes. Phylogenetic analysis using CDPKs from the model plant Arabidopsis divided the TrCDPK genes into four groups based on their sequence similarities. Motif analysis showed that TrCDPKs within the same group had similar motif compositions. Gene duplication analysis revealed the evolution and expansion of TrCDPK genes in white clover. Meanwhile, a genetic regulatory network (GRN) containing TrCDPK genes was reconstructed, and gene ontology (GO) annotation analysis of these functional genes showed that they contribute to signal transduction, cellular response to stimuli, and biological regulation, all of which are important processes in response to abiotic stresses. To determine the function of TrCDPK genes, we analyzed the RNA-seq dataset and found that most TrCDPK genes were highly up-regulated under cold stress, particularly in the early stages of cold stress. These results were validated by qRT-PCR experiments, implying that TrCDPK genes are involved in various gene regulatory pathways in response to cold stress. Our study may help to further investigate the function of TrCDPK genes and their role in response to cold stress, which is important for understanding the molecular mechanisms of cold tolerance in white clover and improving its cold tolerance.
PMID: 37202838
Fly (Austin) , IF:2.16 , 2023 Dec , V17 (1) : P2157161 doi: 10.1080/19336934.2022.2157161
Larval nutritional-stress and tolerance to extreme temperatures in the peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Diptera: Tephritidae).
Department of Entomology, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon Letzion, Israel.; Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece.
Within the factors affecting insect tolerance to extreme environmental conditions, insect nutrition, particularly of immature stages, has received insufficient attention. In the present study, we address this gap by investigating the effects of larval nutrition on heat and cold tolerance of adult Bactrocera zonata - an invasive, polyphagous fruit fly pest. We manipulated the nutritional content in the larval diet by varying the amount of added yeast (2-10% by weight), while maintaining a constant sucrose content. Adults derived from the different larval diets were tested for their tolerance to extreme heat and cold stress. Restricting the amount of yeast reduced the efficacy of the larval diet (i.e. number of pupae produced per g of diet) as well as pupal and adult fresh weight, both being significantly lower for yeast-poor diets. Additionally, yeast restriction during the larval stage (2% yeast diet) significantly reduced the amount of protein but not lipid reserves of newly emerged males and females. Adults maintained after emergence on granulated sugar and water for 10 days were significantly more tolerant to extreme heat (i.e. knock-down time at 42 (o)C) when reared as larvae on yeast-rich diets (8% and 10% yeast) compared to counterparts developing on a diet containing 2% yeast. Nevertheless, the composition of the larval diet did not significantly affect adult survival following acute cold stress (exposure to -3 degrees C for 2 hrs.). These results are corroborated by previous findings on Drosophilid flies. Possible mechanisms leading to nutrition-based heat-tolerance in flies are discussed.
PMID: 36576164
Bull Entomol Res , IF:1.75 , 2023 Aug , V113 (4) : P574-586 doi: 10.1017/S0007485323000251
Rapid cold hardening and cold acclimation promote cold tolerance of oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) by physiological substances transformation and cryoprotectants accumulation.
College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Yunnan Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, Kunming 650201, China.; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.; College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China.
Insect response to cold stress is often associated with adaptive strategies and chemical variation. However, low-temperature domestication to promote the cold tolerance potential of Bactrocera dorsalis and transformation of main internal substances are not clear. Here, we use a series of low-temperature exposure experiments, supercooling point (SCP) measurement, physiological substances and cryoprotectants detection to reveal that pre-cooling with milder low temperatures (5 and 10 degrees C) for several hours (rapid cold hardening) and days (cold acclimation) can dramatically improve the survival rate of adults and pupae under an extremely low temperature (-6.5 degrees C). Besides, the effect of rapid cold hardening for adults could be maintained even 4 h later with 25 degrees C exposures, and SCP was significantly declined after cold acclimation. Furthermore, content of water, fat, protein, glycogen, sorbitol, glycerol and trehalose in bodies were measured. Results showed that water content was reduced and increased content of proteins, glycogen, glycerol and trehalose after two cold domestications. Our findings suggest that rapid cold hardening and cold acclimation could enhance cold tolerance of B. dorsalis by increasing proteins, glycerol, trehalose and decreasing water content. Conclusively, identifying a physiological variation will be useful for predicting the occurrence and migration trend of B. dorsalis populations.
PMID: 37501573
Genetica , IF:1.082 , 2023 Aug doi: 10.1007/s10709-023-00192-y
Genome-wide analysis of glutamate receptor gene family in allopolyploid Brassica napus and its diploid progenitors.
Department of Botany, Dinabandhu Mahavidyalaya, North 24 Parganas, Bongaon, West Bengal, 743235, India.; Department of Life Science & Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, 188 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700032, India.; CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad, 500007, India.; Department of Botany, Vivekananda College, 269, Diamond Harbour Road, Thakurpukur, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700063, India. ashutoshcaluniv@gmail.com.
Ionotropic glutamate receptors are ligand-gated nonselective cation channels that mediate neurotransmission in the central nervous system of animals. Plants possess homologous proteins called glutamate receptor-like channels (GLRs) which are involved in vital physiological processes including seed germination, long-distance signaling, chemotaxis, Ca(2+) signaling etc. Till now, a comprehensive genome-wide analysis of the GLR gene family members in different economically important species of Brassica is missing. Considering the origin of allotetraploid Brassica napus from the hybridization between the diploid Brassica oleracea and Brassica rapa, we have identified 11, 27 and 65 GLR genes in B. oleracea, B. rapa and B. napus, respectively showing an expansion of this gene family in B. napus. Chromosomal locations revealed several tandemly duplicated GLR genes in all the three species. Moreover, the gene family expanded in B. napus after allopolyploidization. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the 103 GLRs are classified into three main groups. The exon-intron structures of these genes are not very conserved and showed wide variation in intron numbers. However, protein sequences are much conserved as shown by the presence of ten short amino acid sequence motifs. Predicted cis-acting elements in 1 kb promoters of GLR genes are mainly involved in light, stress and hormone responses. RNA-seq analysis showed that in B. oleracea and B. rapa, some GLRs are more tissue specific than others. In B. napus, some GLRs are downregulated under cold stress, while others are upregulated. In summary, this bioinformatic study of the GLR gene family of the three Brassica species provides evidence for the expansion of this gene family in B. napus and also provided useful information for in-depth studies of their biological functions in Brassica.
PMID: 37624443