Trends Plant Sci , IF:18.313 , 2023 Mar doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.03.016
Endoreplication controls cell size via mechanochemical signaling.
Plant & Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK. Electronic address: rahul.bhosale@nottingham.ac.uk.; Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Biology Department, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; Plant Biochemistry & Biotechnology Lab, Department of Agriculture, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Stavromenos PC 71410, Heraklion, Crete, Greece. Electronic address: kris.vissenberg@uantwerpen.be.
During hypocotyl development, an asymmetric auxin gradient causes differential cell elongation, leading to tissue bending and apical hook formation. Recently, Ma et al. identified a molecular pathway that links auxin with endoreplication and cell size through cell wall integrity sensing, cell wall remodeling, and regulation of cell wall stiffness.
PMID: 36997439
Trends Plant Sci , IF:18.313 , 2023 Mar doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.03.002
Biomolecular condensation: a new player in auxin signaling.
Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Schubertstrasse 51, 8010 Graz, Austria. Electronic address: alicja.gorska@uni-graz.at.; Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Schubertstrasse 51, 8010 Graz, Austria.
Biomolecular condensates are increasingly being recognized as a fundamental mechanism for the organization of the intracellular space. Powers et al. and Jing et al. recently demonstrated that a cytoplasmic condensation of AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR (ARF) transcription factors restrains auxin responses, acting as an additional regulatory layer in the auxin-mediated control of plant development.
PMID: 36959045
Trends Plant Sci , IF:18.313 , 2023 Feb doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.02.003
The consequences of synthetic auxin herbicide on plant-herbivore interactions.
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. Electronic address: rsbaucom@umich.edu.
Although herbicide drift is a common side effect of herbicide application in agroecosystems, its effects on the ecology and evolution of natural communities are rarely studied. A recent shift to dicamba, a synthetic auxin herbicide known for 'drifting' to nontarget areas, necessitates the examination of drift effects on the plant-insect interactions that drive eco-evo dynamics in weed communities. We review current knowledge of direct effects of synthetic auxin herbicides on plant-insect interactions, focusing on plant herbivory, and discuss potential indirect effects, which are cascading effects on organisms that interact with herbicide-exposed plants. We end by developing a framework for the study of plant-insect interactions given drift, highlighting potential changes to plant developmental timing, resource quantity, quality, and cues.
PMID: 36842859
Trends Plant Sci , IF:18.313 , 2023 Apr , V28 (4) : P447-459 doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.12.004
Auxin-cytokinin interplay shapes root functionality under low-temperature stress.
Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KA 66506, USA. Electronic address: manishtiwari@ksu.edu.; Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KA 66506, USA.; Department of Agronomy, Horticulture, and Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57006, USA.; Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.; Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KA 66506, USA; Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79410, USA. Electronic address: kjagadish.sv@ttu.edu.
Low-temperature stress alters root system architecture. In particular, changes in the levels and response to auxin and cytokinin determine the fate of root architecture and function under stress because of their vital roles in regulating root cell division, differentiation, and elongation. An intricate nexus of genes encoding components of auxin and cytokinin biosynthesis, signaling, and transport components operate to counteract stress and facilitate optimum development. We review the role of auxin transport and signaling and its regulation by cytokinin during root development and stem cell maintenance under low-temperature stress. We highlight intricate mechanisms operating in root stem cells to minimize DNA damage by altering phytohormone levels, and discuss a working model for cytokinin in low-temperatures stress response.
PMID: 36599768
Trends Plant Sci , IF:18.313 , 2023 Feb , V28 (2) : P131-134 doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.10.007
Growth or stress responses: TMK-FER balancing act.
State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Engineering Center of Saline-Alkali Soil Plant - Microbial Joint Restoration, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Engineering Center of Saline-Alkali Soil Plant - Microbial Joint Restoration, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China. Electronic address: shizhong@sdau.edu.cn.; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Engineering Center of Saline-Alkali Soil Plant - Microbial Joint Restoration, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China. Electronic address: cczheng@sdau.edu.cn.
Transmembrane kinases (TMKs) and Feronia (FER) belong to the leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase family. Recent studies reveal that they coordinate plant growth and stress responses by regulating the balance between acidification and alkalization and crosstalk between auxin and abscisic acid, revealing a dynamic equilibrium in the regulation of the TMK-FER module in plants.
PMID: 36371397
Nat Plants , IF:15.793 , 2023 Mar doi: 10.1038/s41477-023-01360-w
Gibberellins promote polar auxin transport to regulate stem cell fate decisions in cambium.
Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.; Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.; European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Geel, Belgium.; Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.; Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. AriPekka.Mahonen@helsinki.fi.; Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. AriPekka.Mahonen@helsinki.fi.
Vascular cambium contains bifacial stem cells, which produce secondary xylem to one side and secondary phloem to the other. However, how these fate decisions are regulated is unknown. Here we show that the positioning of an auxin signalling maximum within the cambium determines the fate of stem cell daughters. The position is modulated by gibberellin-regulated, PIN1-dependent polar auxin transport. Gibberellin treatment broadens auxin maximum from the xylem side of the cambium towards the phloem. As a result, xylem-side stem cell daughter preferentially differentiates into xylem, while phloem-side daughter retains stem cell identity. Occasionally, this broadening leads to direct specification of both daughters as xylem, and consequently, adjacent phloem-identity cell reverts to being stem cell. Conversely, reduced gibberellin levels favour specification of phloem-side stem cell daughter as phloem. Together, our data provide a mechanism by which gibberellin regulates the ratio of xylem and phloem production.
PMID: 36997686
Nat Commun , IF:14.919 , 2023 Mar , V14 (1) : P1449 doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-36774-9
MicroRNA156 conditions auxin sensitivity to enable growth plasticity in response to environmental changes in Arabidopsis.
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.; Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of the Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.; Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.; Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, 38677, USA.; Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA. meng.chen@ucr.edu.; Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA. xuemei.chen@pku.edu.cn.; School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Joint Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China. xuemei.chen@pku.edu.cn.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play diverse roles in plant development, but whether and how miRNAs participate in thermomorphogenesis remain ambiguous. Here we show that HYPONASTIC LEAVES 1 (HYL1)-a key component of miRNA biogenesis-acts downstream of the thermal regulator PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4 in the temperature-dependent plasticity of hypocotyl growth in Arabidopsis. A hyl1-2 suppressor screen identified a dominant dicer-like1 allele that rescues hyl1-2's defects in miRNA biogenesis and thermoresponsive hypocotyl elongation. Genome-wide miRNA and transcriptome analysis revealed microRNA156 (miR156) and its target SQUAMOSA PROMOTER-BINDING-PROTEIN-LIKE 9 (SPL9) to be critical regulators of thermomorphogenesis. Surprisingly, perturbation of the miR156/SPL9 module disengages seedling responsiveness to warm temperatures by impeding auxin sensitivity. Moreover, miR156-dependent auxin sensitivity also operates in the shade avoidance response at lower temperatures. Thus, these results unveil the miR156/SPL9 module as a previously uncharacterized genetic circuit that enables plant growth plasticity in response to environmental temperature and light changes.
PMID: 36949101
Genome Biol , IF:13.583 , 2023 Mar , V24 (1) : P49 doi: 10.1186/s13059-023-02886-0
Cell-specific clock-controlled gene expression program regulates rhythmic fiber cell growth in cotton.
State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China.; Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.; TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, RNA Institute, Remin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.; Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.; Research Institute of Economic Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China.; State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China. yu.zhou@whu.edu.cn.; Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China. yu.zhou@whu.edu.cn.; TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, RNA Institute, Remin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China. yu.zhou@whu.edu.cn.; Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China. yu.zhou@whu.edu.cn.; State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China. wangk05@whu.edu.cn.; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China. wangk05@whu.edu.cn.; Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China. wangk05@whu.edu.cn.
BACKGROUND: The epidermis of cotton ovule produces fibers, the most important natural cellulose source for the global textile industry. However, the molecular mechanism of fiber cell growth is still poorly understood. RESULTS: Here, we develop an optimized protoplasting method, and integrate single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and single-cell ATAC sequencing (scATAC-seq) to systematically characterize the cells of the outer integument of ovules from wild type and fuzzless/lintless (fl) cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). By jointly analyzing the scRNA-seq data from wildtype and fl, we identify five cell populations including the fiber cell type and construct the development trajectory for fiber lineage cells. Interestingly, by time-course diurnal transcriptomic analysis, we demonstrate that the primary growth of fiber cells is a highly regulated circadian rhythmic process. Moreover, we identify a small peptide GhRALF1 that circadian rhythmically controls fiber growth possibly through oscillating auxin signaling and proton pump activity in the plasma membrane. Combining with scATAC-seq, we further identify two cardinal cis-regulatory elements (CREs, TCP motif, and TCP-like motif) which are bound by the trans factors GhTCP14s to modulate the circadian rhythmic metabolism of mitochondria and protein translation through regulating approximately one third of genes that are highly expressed in fiber cells. CONCLUSIONS: We uncover a fiber-specific circadian clock-controlled gene expression program in regulating fiber growth. This study unprecedentedly reveals a new route to improve fiber traits by engineering the circadian clock of fiber cells.
PMID: 36918913
Mol Plant , IF:13.164 , 2023 Mar , V16 (3) : P571-587 doi: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.01.010
Ca(2+)-dependent TaCCD1 cooperates with TaSAUR215 to enhance plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase activity and alkali stress tolerance by inhibiting PP2C-mediated dephosphorylation of TaHA2 in wheat.
Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.; Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China. Electronic address: lshuwei@sdu.edu.cn.
Alkali stress is a major constraint for crop production in many regions of saline-alkali land. However, little is known about the mechanisms through which wheat responds to alkali stress. In this study, we identified a calcium ion-binding protein from wheat, TaCCD1, which is critical for regulating the plasma membrane (PM) H(+)-ATPase-mediated alkali stress response. PM H(+)-ATPase activity is closely related to alkali tolerance in the wheat variety Shanrong 4 (SR4). We found that two D-clade type 2C protein phosphatases, TaPP2C.D1 and TaPP2C.D8 (TaPP2C.D1/8), negatively modulate alkali stress tolerance by dephosphorylating the penultimate threonine residue (Thr926) of TaHA2 and thereby inhibiting PM H(+)-ATPase activity. Alkali stress induces the expression of TaCCD1 in SR4, and TaCCD1 interacts with TaSAUR215, an early auxin-responsive protein. These responses are both dependent on calcium signaling triggered by alkali stress. TaCCD1 enhances the inhibitory effect of TaSAUR215 on TaPP2C.D1/8 activity, thereby promoting the activity of the PM H(+)-ATPase TaHA2 and alkali stress tolerance in wheat. Functional and genetic analyses verified the effects of these genes in response to alkali stress, indicating that TaPP2C.D1/8 function downstream of TaSAUR215 and TaCCD1. Collectively, this study uncovers a new signaling pathway that regulates wheat responses to alkali stress, in which Ca(2+)-dependent TaCCD1 cooperates with TaSAUR215 to enhance PM H(+)-ATPase activity and alkali stress tolerance by inhibiting TaPP2C.D1/8-mediated dephosphorylation of PM H(+)-ATPase TaHA2 in wheat.
PMID: 36681864
Mol Plant , IF:13.164 , 2023 Feb , V16 (2) : P322-336 doi: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.12.013
Natural variations of OsAUX5, a target gene of OsWRKY78, control the neutral essential amino acid content in rice grains.
Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China; College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.; National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.; Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China; College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China. Electronic address: jincheng@hainanu.edu.cn.; Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China; College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China. Electronic address: jie.luo@hainanu.edu.cn.
Grain essential amino acid (EAA) levels contribute to rice nutritional quality. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying EAA accumulation and natural variation in rice grains remain unclear. Here we report the identification of a previously unrecognized auxin influx carrier subfamily gene, OsAUX5, which encodes an amino acid transporter that functions in uptake of multiple amino acids. We identified an elite haplotype of Pro::OsAUX5(Hap2) that enhances grain EAA accumulation without an apparent negative effect on agronomic traits. Natural variations of OsAUX5 occur in the cis elements of its promoter, which are differentially activated because of the different binding affinity between OsWRKY78 and the W-box, contributing to grain EAA variation among rice varieties. The two distinct haplotypes were shown to have originated from different Oryza rufipogon progenitors, which contributed to the divergence between japonica and indica. Introduction of the indica-type Pro::OsAUX5(Hap2) genotype into japonica could significantly increase EAA levels, indicating that indica-type Pro::OsAUX5(Hap2) can be utilized to increase grain EAAs of japonica varieties. Collectively, our study uncovers an WRKY78-OsAUX5-based regulatory mechanism controlling grain EAA accumulation and provides a potential target for breeding EAA-rich rice.
PMID: 36540024
EMBO J , IF:11.598 , 2023 Mar , V42 (6) : Pe113018 doi: 10.15252/embj.2022113018
The birth of a giant: evolutionary insights into the origin of auxin responses in plants.
Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
The plant signaling molecule auxin is present in multiple kingdoms of life. Since its discovery, a century of research has been focused on its action as a phytohormone. In land plants, auxin regulates growth and development through transcriptional and non-transcriptional programs. Some of the molecular mechanisms underlying these responses are well understood, mainly in Arabidopsis. Recently, the availability of genomic and transcriptomic data of green lineages, together with phylogenetic inference, has provided the basis to reconstruct the evolutionary history of some components involved in auxin biology. In this review, we follow the evolutionary trajectory that allowed auxin to become the "giant" of plant biology by focusing on bryophytes and streptophyte algae. We consider auxin biosynthesis, transport, physiological, and molecular responses, as well as evidence supporting the role of auxin as a chemical messenger for communication within ecosystems. Finally, we emphasize that functional validation of predicted orthologs will shed light on the conserved properties of auxin biology among streptophytes.
PMID: 36786017
Plant Cell , IF:11.277 , 2023 Mar doi: 10.1093/plcell/koad064
Phosphorylation and ubiquitination of OsWRKY31 are integral to OsMKK10-2-mediated defense responses in rice.
Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA; Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding; Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MPK) cascades play vital roles in plant innate immunity, growth, and development. Here, we report that the rice (Oryza sativa) transcription factor gene OsWRKY31 is a key component in an MPK signaling pathway involved in plant disease resistance in rice. We found that the activation of OsMKK10-2 enhances resistance against the rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae and suppresses growth through an increase in jasmonic acid and salicylic acid accumulation, and a decrease of indole-3-acetic acid levels. Knockout of OsWRKY31 compromises the defense responses mediated by OsMKK10-2. OsMKK10-2 and OsWRKY31 physically interact, and OsWRKY31 is phosphorylated by OsMPK3, OsMPK4, and OsMPK6. Phosphomimetic OsWRKY31 has elevated DNA-binding activity and confers enhanced resistance to M. oryzae. In addition, OsWRKY31 stability is regulated by phosphorylation and ubiquitination via RING-finger E3 ubiquitin ligases interacting with WRKY 1 (OsREIW1). Taken together, our findings indicate that modification of OsWRKY31 by phosphorylation and ubiquitination functions in the OsMKK10-2-mediated defense signaling pathway.
PMID: 36869655
Plant Cell , IF:11.277 , 2023 Mar , V35 (3) : P971-972 doi: 10.1093/plcell/koad012
Hormone synergy: Auxin and jasmonate boost abscisic acid signaling via ARF10 and ARF16.
Assistant Features Editor, The Plant Cell, American Society of Plant Biologists, USA.; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
PMID: 36651138
Plant Cell , IF:11.277 , 2023 Mar , V35 (3) : P965-966 doi: 10.1093/plcell/koad004
Gateway to morphogenesis: TIR1 auxin receptor is essential for cellular differentiation and organ formation in Marchantia polymorpha.
Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
PMID: 36648106
Plant Cell , IF:11.277 , 2023 Mar , V35 (4) : P1202-1221 doi: 10.1093/plcell/koac369
Cytokinin-responsive MdTCP17 interacts with MdWOX11 to repress adventitious root primordium formation in apple rootstocks.
College of Horticulture, Yangling Sub-Center of National Center for Apple Improvement, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China.
Adventitious root (AR) formation plays an important role in vegetatively propagated plants. Cytokinin (CK) inhibits AR formation, but the molecular mechanisms driving this process remain unknown. In this study, we confirmed that CK content is related to AR formation and further revealed that a high auxin/CK ratio was beneficial to AR formation in apple (Malus domestica). A correlation between expression of CK-responsive TEOSINTE BRANCHED1, CYCLOIDEA, and PCF17 (MdTCP17) and AR formation in response to CK was identified, and overexpression of MdTCP17 in transgenic apple inhibited AR formation. Yeast two-hybrid, bimolecular fluorescence complementation, and co-immunoprecipitation assays revealed an interaction between MdTCP17 and WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX11 (MdWOX11), and a significant correlation between the expression of MdWOX11 and AR ability. Overexpression of MdWOX11 promoted AR primordium formation in apple, while interference of MdWOX11 inhibited AR primordium production. Moreover, a positive correlation was found between MdWOX11 and LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN29 (MdLBD29) expression, and yeast one-hybrid, dual luciferase reporter, and ChIP-qPCR assays verified the binding of MdWOX11 to the MdLBD29 promoter with a WOX-box element in the binding sequence. Furthermore, MdTCP17 reduced the binding of MdWOX11 and MdLBD29 promoters, and coexpression of MdTCP17 and MdWOX11 reduced MdLBD29 expression. Together, these results explain the function and molecular mechanism of MdTCP17-mediated CK inhibition of AR primordium formation, which could be used to improve apple rootstocks genetically.
PMID: 36544357
Plant Cell , IF:11.277 , 2023 Mar , V35 (3) : P1058-1075 doi: 10.1093/plcell/koac367
Auxin signaling is essential for organogenesis but not for cell survival in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha.
Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.; Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.; Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.; Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan.; Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan.
Auxin plays pleiotropic roles in plant development via gene regulation upon its perception by the receptors TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE 1/AUXIN SIGNALING F-BOX (TIR1/AFBs). This auxin-regulated transcriptional control mechanism originated in the common ancestor of land plants. Although the complete loss of TIR1/AFBs causes embryonic lethality in Arabidopsis thaliana, it is unclear whether the requirement for TIR1-mediated auxin perception in cell viability can be generalized. The model liverwort Marchantia polymorpha has a minimal auxin signaling system with only a single TIR1/AFB, MpTIR1. Here we show by genetic, biochemical, and transcriptomic analyses that MpTIR1 functions as an evolutionarily conserved auxin receptor. Null mutants and conditionally knocked-out mutants of MpTIR1 were viable but incapable of forming any organs and grew as cell masses. Principal component analysis performed using transcriptomes at various developmental stages indicated that MpTIR1 is involved in the developmental transition from spores to organized thalli, during which apical notches containing stem cells are established. In Mptir1 cells, stem cell- and differentiation-related genes were up- and downregulated, respectively. Our findings suggest that, in M. polymorpha, auxin signaling is dispensable for cell division but is essential for three-dimensional patterning of the plant body by establishing pluripotent stem cells for organogenesis, a derived trait of land plants.
PMID: 36529527
Plant Cell , IF:11.277 , 2023 Mar , V35 (3) : P1110-1133 doi: 10.1093/plcell/koac362
Auxin contributes to jasmonate-mediated regulation of abscisic acid signaling during seed germination in Arabidopsis.
CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.; Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.; College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China.; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.; School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
Abscisic acid (ABA) represses seed germination and postgerminative growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. Auxin and jasmonic acid (JA) stimulate ABA function; however, the possible synergistic effects of auxin and JA on ABA signaling and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we show that exogenous auxin works synergistically with JA to enhance the ABA-induced delay of seed germination. Auxin biosynthesis, perception, and signaling are crucial for JA-promoted ABA responses. The auxin-dependent transcription factors AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR10 (ARF10) and ARF16 interact with JASMONATE ZIM-DOMAIN (JAZ) repressors of JA signaling. ARF10 and ARF16 positively mediate JA-increased ABA responses, and overaccumulation of ARF16 partially restores the hyposensitive phenotype of JAZ-accumulating plants defective in JA signaling in response to combined ABA and JA treatment. Furthermore, ARF10 and ARF16 physically associate with ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE5 (ABI5), a critical regulator of ABA signaling, and the ability of ARF16 to stimulate JA-mediated ABA responses is mainly dependent on ABI5. ARF10 and ARF16 activate the transcriptional function of ABI5, whereas JAZ repressors antagonize their effects. Collectively, our results demonstrate that auxin contributes to the synergetic modulation of JA on ABA signaling, and explain the mechanism by which ARF10/16 coordinate with JAZ and ABI5 to integrate the auxin, JA, and ABA signaling pathways.
PMID: 36516412
Plant Cell , IF:11.277 , 2023 Feb , V35 (2) : P738-755 doi: 10.1093/plcell/koac335
Natural variation in CRABS CLAW contributes to fruit length divergence in cucumber.
State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, MOE Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.; School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Herbage & Endemic Crop Biology, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China.; Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.; College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.; USDA-ARS, Vegetable Crops Research Unit, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
Fruit length is a key domestication trait that affects crop yield and appearance. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) fruits vary from 5 to 60 cm in length. Despite the identification of several regulators and multiple quantitative trait loci (QTLs) underlying fruit length, the natural variation, and molecular mechanisms underlying differences in fruit length are poorly understood. Through map-based cloning, we identified a nonsynonymous polymorphism (G to A) in CRABS CLAW (CsCRC) as underlying the major-effect fruit size/shape QTL FS5.2 in cucumber. The short-fruit allele CsCRCA is a rare allele that has only been found in round-fruited semi-wild Xishuangbanna cucumbers. A near-isogenic line (NIL) homozygous for CsCRCA exhibited a 34 approximately 39% reduction in fruit length. Introducing CsCRCG into this NIL rescued the short-fruit phenotype, and knockdown of CsCRCG resulted in shorter fruit and smaller cells. In natural cucumber populations, CsCRCG expression was positively correlated with fruit length. Further, CsCRCG, but not CsCRCA, targets the downstream auxin-responsive protein gene CsARP1 to regulate its expression. Knockout of CsARP1 produced shorter fruit with smaller cells. Hence, our work suggests that CsCRCG positively regulates fruit elongation through transcriptional activation of CsARP1 and thus enhances cell expansion. Using different CsCRC alleles provides a strategy to manipulate fruit length in cucumber breeding.
PMID: 36427253
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , IF:11.205 , 2023 Mar , V120 (11) : Pe2219916120 doi: 10.1073/pnas.2219916120
Cooperative action of separate interaction domains promotes high-affinity DNA binding of Arabidopsis thaliana ARF transcription factors.
Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.; ALBA synchrotron Light Source, Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona 08290, Spain.; Microspectroscopy Research Facility, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
The signaling molecule auxin coordinates many growth and development processes in plants, mainly through modulating gene expression. Transcriptional response is mediated by the family of auxin response factors (ARF). Monomers of this family recognize a DNA motif and can homodimerize through their DNA-binding domain (DBD), enabling cooperative binding to an inverted binding site. Most ARFs further contain a C-terminal PB1 domain that is capable of homotypic interactions and mediating interactions with Aux/IAA repressors. Given the dual role of the PB1 domain, and the ability of both DBD and PB1 domain to mediate dimerization, a key question is how these domains contribute to DNA-binding specificity and affinity. So far, ARF-ARF and ARF-DNA interactions have mostly been approached using qualitative methods that do not provide a quantitative and dynamic view on the binding equilibria. Here, we utilize a DNA binding assay based on single-molecule Forster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) to study the affinity and kinetics of the interaction of several Arabidopsis thaliana ARFs with an IR7 auxin-responsive element (AuxRE). We show that both DBD and PB1 domains of AtARF2 contribute toward DNA binding, and we identify ARF dimer stability as a key parameter in defining binding affinity and kinetics across AtARFs. Lastly, we derived an analytical solution for a four-state cyclic model that explains both the kinetics and the affinity of the interaction between AtARF2 and IR7. Our work demonstrates that the affinity of ARFs toward composite DNA response elements is defined by dimerization equilibrium, identifying this as a key element in ARF-mediated transcriptional activity.
PMID: 36881630
Curr Biol , IF:10.834 , 2023 Feb , V33 (3) : PR114-R117 doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.12.007
Plant physiology: The to-and-fro of hormone signals to respond to drought.
Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.; Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA. Electronic address: philip.benfey@duke.edu.
Xerobranching, a temporary suppression of root branching when water is limiting, is controlled by the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA). A recently published study reveals how root branching is dynamically controlled by redistribution in opposite directions of ABA and auxin.
PMID: 36750024
J Hazard Mater , IF:10.588 , 2023 Mar , V452 : P131226 doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131226
Tryptophan pretreatment adjusts transcriptome and metabolome profiles to alleviate cadmium toxicity in Arabidopsis.
Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.; Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China. Electronic address: qixiaoting@cnu.edu.cn.
Cadmium (Cd) is highly toxic to all organisms including plants, and recently tryptophan (Trp) pretreatment of plant seedlings is shown to improve Cd tolerance. But the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. In this study, we used Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) to determine the physiological relevance of Trp pretreatment in alleviating Cd toxicity in plants and explore its molecular mechanism with a focus on the metabolic pathways. The results showed that Trp pretreatment maintained the biomass and root lengths, relieved Cd-induced lipid peroxidation, and reduced Cd transport to the shoots, and eventually improved the response against Cd in Arabidopsis seedlings. The integrative analyses of the transcriptome and metabolome further revealed that Trp pretreatment alleviated Cd toxicity not only through a known mechanism of producing a major auxin indole-3-acetic acid and maintaining its levels, but also through two previously unrecognized mechanisms: increasing the area and strength of cell walls by promoting lignification to further reduce Cd entry, and fine-tuning Cd detoxification products derived from sulfur-containing amino acid metabolism. Our findings thereby provide deep mechanical insights into how Trp alleviates Cd toxicity in plants.
PMID: 36934628
J Hazard Mater , IF:10.588 , 2023 Mar , V445 : P130530 doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130530
Pre treatment of melatonin rescues cotton seedlings from cadmium toxicity by regulating key physio-biochemical and molecular pathways.
State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Hualan St. 90, Xinxiang 453003, China.; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 450000, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572024, China; National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Sanya 572024, China.; School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Hualan St. 90, Xinxiang 453003, China.; Faculty of Science, University Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei Darussalam.; Institute of Ecology and Evolution, 5289 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.; Sinopharm Wuhan Plasma-derived Biotherapies Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China.; School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Hualan St. 90, Xinxiang 453003, China. Electronic address: ruiyangzh@gmail.com.; State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China. Electronic address: xiongyc@lzu.edu.cn.
Melatonin, a plant/animal origin hormone, regulates plant response to abiotic stresses by protecting them from oxidative damage. This study identified physiochemical and molecular mechanism of melatonin-induced cadmium (Cd) stress tolerance and detoxification in cotton seedlings. Cotton seedlings, with or without melatonin (15 microM) pretreatment, were subjected to Cd (100 microM) stress in a hydroponic medium for eight days. We found that higher cellular Cd accumulation in leaf tissues significantly inhibited the growth and physiology of cotton seedlings. In contrast, melatonin-treated seedlings maintained leaf photosynthetic capacity, producing relatively higher fresh (17.4%) and dry (19.3%) weights than non-melatonin-treated plants under Cd-contaminated environments. The improved growth and leaf functioning were strongly linked with the melatonin-induced repression of Cd transporter genes (LOC107894197, LOC107955631, LOC107899273) in roots. Thus, melatonin induced downregulation of the Cd transporter genes further inhibited Cd ion transport towards leaf tissues. This suggests that the differentially expressed transporter genes (DEG) are key drivers of the melatonin-mediated regulation of Cd transportation and sequestration in cotton. Melatonin also protected cotton seedlings from Cd-induced oxidative injury by reducing tissues malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) levels and increasing the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzymes. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that melatonin activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways to simulate stomatal adjustment and photosynthesis in Cd-stressed leaves. Further, melatonin protects intercellular organs, particularly ribosomes, from Cd-induced oxidative damage by promoting ribosomal biosynthesis and improving translational efficiency. The findings elucidated the molecular basis of melatonin-mediated Cd stress tolerance in plants and provided a key for the effective strategy of Cd accumulation in cotton.
PMID: 36463746
J Hazard Mater , IF:10.588 , 2023 Feb , V444 (Pt A) : P130427 doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130427
Transcriptome reveals the exposure effects of CeO(2) nanoparticles on pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) photosynthesis.
College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China. Electronic address: jhong@zjut.edu.cn.; College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China.; College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China.; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas, El Paso, TX 79968, United States.
In this study, soil-grown pakchoi after 2 weeks seedling cultivation were exposed to CeO(2) nanoparticles (CeO(2) NPs) at 0.7, 7, 70, and 350 mg kg(-1) for 30 days. Results showed that chlorophyll content and photosynthetic assimilation rate were decreased significantly under all treatments with the largest decrease of 34.16% (0.7 mg kg(-1) CeO(2) NPs), however, sub-stomatal CO(2) was increased dramatically under low dose of CeO(2) NPs (0.7 mg kg(-1)). There were 4576, 3548, 2787, and 2514 genes up/down regulated significantly by 0.7, 7, 70, and 350 mg kg(-1) CeO(2) NPs, respectively, and 767 genes affected under all treatments. In addition, 0.7 mg kg(-1) CeO(2) NPs up-regulated 10 chlorophyll synthesis genes, 20 photosynthesis genes, and 10 carbon fixation enzyme genes; while 350 mg kg(-1) CeO(2) NPs down-regulated 5 photosynthesis genes and 28 auxin-activated genes. Among the key genes of photosynthesis, Ferredoxin-NADP reductase (PetH) was upregulated in 0.7, 7 and 70 mg kg(-1) treatments, while Photosystem II lipoprotein (Psb27) was downregulated under 7, 70 and 350 mg kg(-1) treatments. Top 20 metabolic pathways affected by CeO(2) NPs including plant hormone, amino acids, and glutathione, and carbon metabolism These results provide information about utilizing CeO(2) NPs more safely and effectively in the future.
PMID: 36410248
New Phytol , IF:10.151 , 2023 Mar doi: 10.1111/nph.18898
Loss-of-function of gynoecium-expressed phospholipase pPLAIIgamma triggers maternal haploid induction in Arabidopsis.
Department of Applied Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.; Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.; Laboratoire Reproduction et Developpement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon, France.
* Production of in planta haploid embryos that inherit chromosomes from only one parent can greatly increase breeding efficiency via quickly generating homozygous plants, called doubled haploid. One of the main players of in planta haploid induction is a pollen-specific phospholipase A, which is able, when mutated, to induce in vivo haploid induction in numerous monocots. However, no functional orthologous gene has been identified in dicots plants. * Here, we show that loss-of-function of gynoecium-expressed phospholipase AII (pPLAIIgamma) triggers maternal haploid plants in Arabidopsis, at an average rate of 1.07%. Reciprocal crosses demonstrate that haploid plants are triggered from the female side and not from the pollen, and the haploid plants carry the maternal genome. * Promoter activity of pPLAIIgamma shows enriched expression in the funiculus of flower development stages 13 and 18, and pPLAIIgamma fused to yellow fluorescent protein reveals a plasma-membrane localization * Interestingly, the polar localized PIN1 at the basal plasma membrane of the funiculus was all internalized in pplaIIgamma mutants, suggesting that altered PIN1 localization in female organ could play a role in maternal haploid induction.
PMID: 36967578
New Phytol , IF:10.151 , 2023 Mar doi: 10.1111/nph.18879
AZG1 is a cytokinin transporter that interacts with auxin transporter PIN1 and regulates the root stress response.
Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal, Velez Sarsfield 249, 5000, Cordoba, Argentina.; Current address: Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany.; Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany.; Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Schanzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.; Conservation Ecology, Department Biology, Philipps-Universitat Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 8, 35032, Marburg.; Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR and Palacky, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc, The Czech Republic.; Zentrum fur Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Universitat Tubingen, Auf der, Morgenstelle 1, 72076, Tubingen, Germany.; Institute of Physiology II, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 7, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.; Current address: Labormedizinisches Zentrum Ostschweiz, Lagerstrasse 30, 9470, Buchs, SG, Switzerland.; Centre of Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
An environmentally responsive root system is crucial for plant growth and crop yield, especially in sub-optimal soil conditions. This responsiveness enables the plant to exploit regions of high nutrient density whilst simultaneously minimizing abiotic stress. Despite the vital importance of root systems in regulating plant growth, significant gaps of knowledge exist in the mechanisms that regulate their architecture. Auxin defines both the frequency of lateral root (LR) initiation and the rate of LR outgrowth. Here we describe a search for proteins that regulate root system architecture by interacting directly with a key auxin transporter, PIN1. The native separation of Arabidopsis plasma membrane protein complexes identified several PIN1 co-purifying proteins. Among them, AZG1 was subsequently confirmed as a PIN1 interactor. Here we show that, in Arabidopsis, AZG1 is a cytokinin import protein that co-localizes with and stabilizes PIN1, linking auxin and cytokinin transport streams. AZG1 expression in LR primordia is sensitive to NaCl, and the frequency of LRs is AZG1-dependent under salt stress. This report therefore identifies a potential point for auxin:cytokinin crosstalk which shapes root system architecture in response to NaCl.
PMID: 36918499
New Phytol , IF:10.151 , 2023 Mar doi: 10.1111/nph.18864
Lateral root branching: evolutionary innovations and mechanistic divergence in land plants.
Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India.; Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany.
The root system architecture in plants is a result of multiple evolutionary innovations over time in response to changing environmental cues. Dichotomy and endogenous lateral branching in the roots evolved in lycophytes lineage but extant seed plants use lateral branching instead. This has led to the development of complex and adaptive root systems, with lateral roots playing a key role in this process exhibiting conserved and divergent features in different plant species. The study of lateral root branching in diverse plant species can shed light on the orderly yet distinct nature of postembryonic organogenesis in plants. This insight provides an overview of the diversity in lateral root (LR) development in various plant species during the evolution of root system in plants.
PMID: 36882384
New Phytol , IF:10.151 , 2023 Mar doi: 10.1111/nph.18854
PIN-FORMED is required for shoot phototropism/gravitropism and facilitates meristem formation in Marchantia polymorpha.
School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., 3800, Australia.; ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., 3800, Australia.
PIN-FORMED auxin efflux transporters, a subclass of which is plasma membrane-localised, mediate a variety of land-plant developmental processes via their polar localisation and subsequent directional auxin transport. We provide the first characterisation of PIN proteins in liverworts using Marchantia polymorpha as a model system. Marchantia polymorpha possesses a single PIN-FORMED gene, whose protein product is predicted to be plasma membrane-localised, MpPIN1. To characterise MpPIN1, we created loss-of-function alleles and produced complementation lines in both M. polymorpha and Arabidopsis. In M. polymorpha, gene expression and protein localisation were tracked using an MpPIN1 transgene encoding a translationally fused fluorescent protein. Overexpression of MpPIN1 can partially complement loss of an orthologous gene, PIN-FORMED1, in Arabidopsis. In M. polymorpha, MpPIN1 influences development in numerous ways throughout its life cycle. Most notably, MpPIN1 is required to establish gemmaling dorsiventral polarity and for orthotropic growth of gametangiophore stalks, where MpPIN1 is basally polarised. PIN activity is largely conserved within land plants, with PIN-mediated auxin flow providing a flexible mechanism to organise growth. Specifically, PIN is fundamentally linked to orthotropism and to the establishment of de novo meristems, the latter potentially involving the formation of both auxin biosynthesis maxima and auxin-signalling minima.
PMID: 36880411
New Phytol , IF:10.151 , 2023 May , V238 (3) : P1146-1162 doi: 10.1111/nph.18775
RRS1 shapes robust root system to enhance drought resistance in rice.
Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.; Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, 572025, China.; Shandong Rice Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, Shandong, China.; Sanya Institute, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, 572025, China.
A strong root system facilitates the absorption of water and nutrients from the soil, to improve the growth of crops. However, to date, there are still very few root development regulatory genes that can be used in crop breeding for agriculture. In this study, we cloned a negative regulator gene of root development, Robust Root System 1 (RRS1), which encodes an R2R3-type MYB family transcription factor. RRS1 knockout plants showed enhanced root growth, including longer root length, longer lateral root length, and larger lateral root density. RRS1 represses root development by directly activating the expression of OsIAA3 which is involved in the auxin signaling pathway. A natural variation in the coding region of RRS1 changes the transcriptional activity of its protein. RRS1(T) allele, originating from wild rice, possibly increases root length by means of weakening regulation of OsIAA3. Knockout of RRS1 enhances drought resistance by promoting water absorption and improving water use efficiency. This study provides a new gene resource for improving root systems and cultivating drought-resistant rice varieties with important values in agricultural applications.
PMID: 36862074
New Phytol , IF:10.151 , 2023 May , V238 (3) : P971-976 doi: 10.1111/nph.18783
Save your TIRs - more to auxin than meets the eye.
John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.; Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK.
Auxin has long been known as an important regulator of plant growth and development. Classical studies in auxin biology have uncovered a 'canonical' transcriptional auxin-signalling pathway involving the TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE1/AUXIN SIGNALING F-BOX (TIR1/AFB) receptors. TIR1/AFB perception of auxin triggers the degradation of repressors and the derepression of auxin-responsive genes. Nevertheless, the canonical pathway cannot account for all aspects of auxin biology, such as physiological responses that are too rapid for transcriptional regulation. This Tansley insight will explore several 'non-canonical' pathways that have been described in recent years mediating fast auxin responses. We focus on the interplay between a nontranscriptional branch of TIR1/AFB signalling and a TRANSMEMBRANE KINASE1 (TMK1)-mediated pathway in root acid growth. Other developmental aspects involving the TMKs and their association with the controversial AUXIN-BINDING PROTEIN 1 (ABP1) will be discussed. Finally, we provide an updated overview of the ETTIN (ETT)-mediated pathway in contexts outside of gynoecium development.
PMID: 36721296
New Phytol , IF:10.151 , 2023 Apr , V238 (2) : P673-687 doi: 10.1111/nph.18774
Somatic embryo initiation by rice BABY BOOM1 involves activation of zygote-expressed auxin biosynthesis genes.
Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.; Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.; Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
Plant embryogenesis results from the fusion of male and female gametes but can also be induced in somatic cells. The molecular pathways for embryo initiation are poorly understood, especially in monocots. In rice, the male gamete expressed BABY BOOM1 (OsBBM1) transcription factor functions as an embryogenic trigger in the zygote and can also promote somatic embryogenesis when ectopically expressed in somatic tissues. We used gene editing, transcriptome profiling, and chromatin immunoprecipitation to determine the molecular players involved in embryo initiation downstream of OsBBM1. We identify OsYUCCA (OsYUC) auxin biosynthesis genes as direct targets of OsBBM1. Unexpectedly, these OsYUC targets in zygotes are expressed only from the maternal genome, whereas the paternal genome exclusively provides functional OsBBM1 to initiate embryogenesis. Induction of somatic embryogenesis by exogenous auxin requires OsBBM genes and downstream OsYUC targets. Ectopic OsBBM1 initiates somatic embryogenesis without exogenous auxins but requires functional OsYUC genes. Thus, an OsBBM-OsYUC module is a key player for both somatic and zygotic embryogenesis in rice. Zygotic embryo initiation involves a partnership of male and female genomes, through which paternal OsBBM1 activates maternal OsYUC genes. In somatic embryogenesis, exogenous auxin triggers OsBBM1 expression, which then activates endogenous auxin biosynthesis OsYUC genes.
PMID: 36707918
New Phytol , IF:10.151 , 2023 Mar , V237 (6) : P2118-2135 doi: 10.1111/nph.18691
A Physcomitrella PIN protein acts in spermatogenesis and sporophyte retention.
Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.; Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.; CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.; Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT - Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, 79110, Freiburg, Germany.
The auxin efflux PIN-FORMED (PIN) proteins are conserved in all land plants and important players in plant development. In the moss Physcomitrella (Physcomitrium patens), three canonical PINs (PpPINA-C) are expressed in the leafy shoot (gametophore). PpPINA and PpPINB show functional activity in vegetative growth and sporophyte development. Here, we examined the role of PpPINC in the life cycle of Physcomitrella. We established reporter and knockout lines for PpPINC and analysed vegetative and reproductive tissues using microscopy and transcriptomic sequencing of moss gametangia. PpPINC is expressed in immature leaves, mature gametangia and during sporophyte development. The sperm cells (spermatozoids) of pinC knockout mutants exhibit increased motility and an altered flagella phenotype. Furthermore, the pinC mutants have a higher portion of differentially expressed genes related to spermatogenesis, increased fertility and an increased abortion rate of premeiotic sporophytes. Here, we show that PpPINC is important for spermatogenesis and sporophyte retention. We propose an evolutionary conserved way of polar growth during early moss embryo development and sporophyte attachment to the gametophore while suggesting the mechanical function in sporophyte retention of a ring structure, the Lorch ring.
PMID: 36696950
New Phytol , IF:10.151 , 2023 Apr , V238 (1) : P142-154 doi: 10.1111/nph.18733
Local auxin biosynthesis regulates brace root angle and lodging resistance in maize.
State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.; Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.; HainanYazhou Bay Seed Lab, Sanya, 572025, China.; Department of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00790, Finland.; College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.; Shimadzu (China) Co. Ltd Shenzhen Branch, 518042, Shenzhen, China.; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
Root lodging poses a major threat to maize production, resulting in reduced grain yield and quality, and increased harvest costs. Here, we combined expressional, genetic, and cytological studies to demonstrate a role of ZmYUC2 and ZmYUC4 in regulating gravitropic response of the brace root and lodging resistance in maize. We show that both ZmYUC2 and ZmYUC4 are preferentially expressed in root tips with partially overlapping expression patterns, and the protein products of ZmYUC2 and ZmYUC4 are localized in the cytoplasm and endoplasmic reticulum, respectively. The Zmyuc4 single mutant and Zmyuc2/4 double mutant exhibit enlarged brace root angle compared with the wild-type plants, with larger brace root angle being observed in the Zmyuc2/4 double mutant. Consistently, the brace root tips of the Zmyuc4 single mutant and Zmyuc2/4 double mutant accumulate less auxin and are defective in proper reallocation of auxin in response to gravi-stimuli. Furthermore, we show that the Zmyuc4 single mutant and the Zmyuc2/4 double mutant display obviously enhanced root lodging resistance. Our combined results demonstrate that ZmYUC2- and ZmYUC4-mediated local auxin biosynthesis is required for normal gravity response of the brace roots and provide effective targets for breeding root lodging resistant maize cultivars.
PMID: 36636793
New Phytol , IF:10.151 , 2023 Apr , V238 (1) : P125-141 doi: 10.1111/nph.18625
Hormonal control of medial-lateral growth and vein formation in the maize leaf.
Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.; Department of Biology, School of Science and Engineering, Ateneo de Manila University, Loyola Heights, Quezon City, Metro Manila, 1108, Philippines.
Parallel veins are characteristic of monocots, including grasses (Poaceae). Therefore, how parallel veins develop as the leaf grows in the medial-lateral (ML) dimension is a key question in grass leaf development. Using fluorescent protein reporters, we mapped auxin, cytokinin (CK), and gibberellic acid (GA) response patterns in maize (Zea mays) leaf primordia. We further defined the roles of these hormones in ML growth and vein formation through combinatorial genetic analyses and measurement of hormone concentrations. We discovered a novel pattern of auxin response in the adaxial protoderm that we hypothesize has important implications for the orderly formation of 3 degrees veins early in leaf development. In addition, we found an auxin transport and response pattern in the margins that correlate with the transition from ML to proximal-distal growth. We present evidence that auxin efflux precedes CK response in procambial strand development. We also determined that GA plays an early role in the shoot apical meristem as well as a later role in the primordium to restrict ML growth. We propose an integrative model whereby auxin regulates ML growth and vein formation in the maize leaf through control of GA and CK.
PMID: 36404129
New Phytol , IF:10.151 , 2023 Feb , V237 (4) : P1115-1121 doi: 10.1111/nph.18602
Extranuclear auxin signaling: a new insight into auxin's versatility.
Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute of Integrated Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.; FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China.
Auxin phytohormone has a role in most aspects of the life of a land plant and is found even in ancient plants such as single-cell green algae. Auxin's ubiquitous but specific effects have been mainly explained by the extraordinary ability of plants to interpret spatiotemporal patterns of auxin concentrations via the regulation of gene transcription. This is thought to be achieved through the combinatorial effects of two families of nuclear coreceptor proteins, that is the TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE1 and AUXIN-SIGNALING F-BOX (TIR1/AFB) and AUXIN/INDOLE ACETIC ACID. Recent evidence has suggested transcription-independent roles of TIR1/AFBs localized outside the nucleus and TRANSMEMBRANE KINASE (TMK)-based auxin signaling occurring in the plasma membrane. Furthermore, emerging evidence supports a coordinated action of the intra- and extranuclear auxin signaling pathways to regulate specific auxin responses. Here, we highlight how auxin signaling acts inside and outside the nucleus for the regulation of growth and morphogenesis and propose that the future direction of auxin biology lies in the elucidation of a new collaborative paradigm of intra- and extranuclear auxin signaling.
PMID: 36336825
New Phytol , IF:10.151 , 2023 Feb , V237 (4) : P1320-1332 doi: 10.1111/nph.18600
Soilborne bacterium Klebsiella pneumoniae promotes cluster root formation in white lupin through ethylene mediation.
Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crop, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.; Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, 999077, China.
Cluster roots of white lupin are induced by low phosphorus (LP) to efficiently access unavailable P, but how soilborne microbes are associated with cluster root formation (CRF) is unclear. We investigated the roles of soilborne bacteria in CRF response to LP by high-throughput sequencing and root-bacteria interactions. Cluster root number was significantly decreased in plants grown in sterilized soil compared with nonsterilized soil. Proteobacteria was enriched in CR, as shown by microbiome analysis of soil (bulk, rhizosphere, and rhizosheath) and roots (main, lateral, and CR). Large-scale gene expression level implicated ethylene mediation in CRF. Klebsiella pneumoniae (P7), a soilborne bacterium belonging to Proteobacteria, was isolated from CR. Among 11 isolated strains, P7 exhibited the highest 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (ACCD) activity; this enzyme inhibits the biosynthesis of ethylene in plants by the cleavage of the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid and promotes CRF under LP. We constructed an ACCD-deficit mutant accd in the P7 genetic background. The loss-of-function mutation failed to promote CRF under LP conditions. Also, auxin responses may be involved in K. pneumoniae-ethylene-mediated CRF. Overall, we propose that the soilborne bacterium K. pneumoniae promotes CRF of white lupin in response to LP by ethylene mediation.
PMID: 36336781
New Phytol , IF:10.151 , 2023 Feb , V237 (4) : P1391-1404 doi: 10.1111/nph.18589
A GT-1 and PKc domain-containing transcription regulator SIMPLE LEAF1 controls compound leaf development in woodland strawberry.
Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China.; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
Leaves are strikingly diverse in terms of shapes and complexity. The wild and cultivated strawberry plants mostly develop trifoliate compound leaves, yet the underlying genetic basis remains unclear in this important fruit crop in Rosaceae. Here, we identified two EMS mutants designated simple leaf1 (sl1-1 and sl1-2) and one natural simple-leafed mutant monophylla in Fragaria vesca. Their causative mutations all reside in SL1 (FvH4_7g28640) causing premature stop codon at different positions in sl1-1 and sl1-2 and an eight-nucleotide insertion (GTTCATCA) in monophylla. SL1 encodes a transcription regulator with the conserved DNA-binding domain GT-1 and the catalytic domain of protein kinases PKc. Expression of SL1pro::SL1 in sl1-1 completely restored compound leaf formation. The 35S::SL1 lines developed palmate-like leaves with four or five leaflets at a low penetrance. However, overexpressing the truncated SL1(DeltaPK) caused no phenotypes, probably due to the disruption of homodimerization. SL1 is preferentially expressed at the tips of leaflets and serrations. Moreover, SL1 is closely associated with the auxin pathway and works synergistically with FveLFYa in leaf morphogenesis. Overall, our work uncovered a new type of transcription regulator that promotes compound leaf formation in the woodland strawberry and shed new lights on the diversity of leaf complexity control.
PMID: 36319612
New Phytol , IF:10.151 , 2023 Feb , V237 (3) : P807-822 doi: 10.1111/nph.18570
Root architecture plasticity in response to endoparasitic cyst nematodes is mediated by damage signaling.
Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands.; Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cluster of Plant Developmental Biology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands.; State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.; Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Molecular Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
Plant root architecture plasticity in response to biotic stresses has not been thoroughly investigated. Infection by endoparasitic cyst nematodes induces root architectural changes that involve the formation of secondary roots at infection sites. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating secondary root formation in response to cyst nematode infection remain largely unknown. We first assessed whether secondary roots form in a nematode density-dependent manner by challenging wild-type Arabidopsis plants with increasing numbers of cyst nematodes (Heterodera schachtii). Next, using jasmonate-related reporter lines and knockout mutants, we tested whether tissue damage by nematodes triggers jasmonate-dependent secondary root formation. Finally, we verified whether damage-induced secondary root formation depends on local auxin biosynthesis at nematode infection sites. Intracellular host invasion by H. schachtii triggers a transient local increase in jasmonates, which activates the expression of ERF109 in a COI1-dependent manner. Knockout mutations in COI1 and ERF109 disrupt the nematode density-dependent increase in secondary roots observed in wild-type plants. Furthermore, ERF109 regulates secondary root formation upon H. schachtii infection via local auxin biosynthesis. Host invasion by H. schachtii triggers secondary root formation via the damage-induced jasmonate-dependent ERF109 pathway. This points at a novel mechanism underlying plant root plasticity in response to biotic stress.
PMID: 36285401
Plant Biotechnol J , IF:9.803 , 2023 Feb doi: 10.1111/pbi.14031
LAZY3 interacts with LAZY2 to regulate tiller angle by modulating shoot gravity perception in rice.
Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China.; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.
Starch biosynthesis in gravity-sensing tissues of rice shoot determines the magnitude of rice shoot gravitropism and thus tiller angle. However, the molecular mechanism underlying starch biosynthesis in rice gravity-sensing tissues is still unclear. We characterized a novel tiller angle gene LAZY3 (LA3) in rice through map-based cloning. Biochemical, molecular and genetic studies further demonstrated the essential roles of LA3 in gravity perception of rice shoot and tiller angle control. The shoot gravitropism and lateral auxin transport were defective in la3 mutant upon gravistimulation. We showed that LA3 encodes a chloroplast-localized tryptophan-rich protein associated with starch granules via Tryptophan-rich region (TRR) domain. Moreover, LA3 could interact with the starch biosynthesis regulator LA2, determining starch granule formation in shoot gravity-sensing tissues. LA3 and LA2 negatively regulate tiller angle in the same pathway acting upstream of LA1 to mediate asymmetric distribution of auxin. Our study defined LA3 as an indispensable factor of starch biosynthesis in rice gravity-sensing tissues that greatly broadens current understanding in the molecular mechanisms underlying the starch granule formation in gravity-sensing tissues, and provides new insights into the regulatory mechanism of shoot gravitropism and rice tiller angle.
PMID: 36789453
Plant Biotechnol J , IF:9.803 , 2023 Mar , V21 (3) : P591-605 doi: 10.1111/pbi.13974
Profiling of phytohormone-specific microRNAs and characterization of the miR160-ARF1 module involved in glandular trichome development and artemisinin biosynthesis in Artemisia annua.
Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China.; School of Food and Bioengineering, Fujian Polytechnic Normal University, Fuqing, China.; Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.; Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.; Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Shanghai, China.; Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China.; Innovative Drug R&D Center, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play crucial roles in plant development and secondary metabolism through different modes of sequence-specific interaction with their targets. Artemisinin biosynthesis is extensively regulated by phytohormones. However, the function of phytohormone-responsive miRNAs in artemisinin biosynthesis remains enigmatic. Thus, we combined the analysis of transcriptomics, small RNAs, and the degradome to generate a comprehensive resource for identifying key miRNA-target circuits involved in the phytohormone-induced process of artemisinin biosynthesis in Artemisia annua. In total, 151 conserved and 52 novel miRNAs and their 4132 targets were determined. Based on the differential expression analysis, miR160 was selected as a potential miRNA involved in artemisinin synthesis. Overexpressing MIR160 significantly impaired glandular trichome formation and suppressed artemisinin biosynthesis in A. annua, while repressing its expression resulted in the opposite effect, indicating that miR160 negatively regulates glandular trichome development and artemisinin biosynthesis. RNA ligase-mediated 5' RACE and transient transformation assays showed that miR160 mediates the RNA cleavage of Auxin Response Factor 1 (ARF1) in A. annua. Furthermore, ARF1 was shown to increase artemisinin synthesis by activating AaDBR2 expression. Taken together, our results reveal the intrinsic link between the miR160-ARF1 module and artemisinin biosynthesis, and may expedite the innovation of metabolic engineering approaches for high and stable production of artemisinin in the future.
PMID: 36478140
Cell Rep , IF:9.423 , 2023 Mar , V42 (3) : P112187 doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112187
Control of grain size in rice by TGW3 phosphorylation of OsIAA10 through potentiation of OsIAA10-OsARF4-mediated auxin signaling.
Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.; National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China.; Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China. Electronic address: songxj@ibcas.ac.cn.
Grain size is a key component of grain yield and quality in crops. Several core players of auxin signaling have been revealed to modulate grain size; however, to date, few genetically defined pathways have been reported, and whether phosphorylation could boost degradation of Aux/IAA proteins is uncertain. Here, we show that TGW3 (also called OsGSK5) interacts with and phosphorylates OsIAA10. Phosphorylation of OsIAA10 facilitates its interaction with OsTIR1 and subsequent destabilization, but this modification hinders its interaction with OsARF4. Our genetic and molecular evidence identifies an OsTIR1-OsIAA10-OsARF4 axis as key for grain size control. In addition, physiological and molecular studies suggest that TGW3 mediates the brassinosteroid response, the effect of which can be relayed through the regulatory axis. Collectively, these findings define a auxin signaling pathway to regulate grain size, in which phosphorylation of OsIAA10 enhances its proteolysis and potentiates OsIAA10-OsARF4-mediated auxin signaling.
PMID: 36871218
Cell Rep , IF:9.423 , 2023 Feb , V42 (2) : P112130 doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112130
Physcomitrium patens PpRIC, an ancestral CRIB-domain ROP effector, inhibits auxin-induced differentiation of apical initial cells.
Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.; Physiology and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden.; Umea Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umea, Sweden.; Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany. Electronic address: benedikt.kost@fau.de.
RHO guanosine triphosphatases are important eukaryotic regulators of cell differentiation and behavior. Plant ROP (RHO of plant) family members activate specific, incompletely characterized downstream signaling. The structurally simple land plant Physcomitrium patens is missing homologs of key animal and flowering plant RHO effectors but contains a single CRIB (CDC42/RAC interactive binding)-domain-containing RIC (ROP-interacting CRIB-containing) protein (PpRIC). Protonemal P. patens filaments elongate based on regular division and PpROP-dependent tip growth of apical initial cells, which upon stimulation by the hormone auxin differentiate caulonemal characteristics. PpRIC interacts with active PpROP1, co-localizes with this protein at the plasma membrane at the tip of apical initial cells, and accumulates in the nucleus. Remarkably, PpRIC is not required for tip growth but is targeted to the nucleus to block caulonema differentiation downstream of auxin-controlled gene expression. These observations establish functions of PpRIC in mediating crosstalk between ROP and auxin signaling, which contributes to the maintenance of apical initial cell identity.
PMID: 36790931
Cell Rep , IF:9.423 , 2023 Jan , V42 (1) : P111913 doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111913
Control of lateral root initiation by DA3 in Arabidopsis.
School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.; State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.; School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.; School of Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore. Electronic address: dbsyuhao@nus.edu.sg.
Lateral root (LR) initiation is controlled by the pericycle and the neighboring endodermis in Arabidopsis. Here, we demonstrate that UBIQUITIN-SPECIFIC PROTEASE14/DA3 regulates LR initiation by modulating auxin signaling in the pericycle and endodermis. DA3 negatively affects the mRNA and protein levels of AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR7 (ARF7) and ARF19 in the pericycle and endodermis but positively regulates the protein stability of SHORT HYPOCOTYL 2 (SHY2/IAA3), an auxin signaling repressor, in the endodermis. We show that DA3 interacts with ARF7 and ARF19, inhibiting their binding to the locus of LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARY DOMAIN16 (LBD16) to repress its expression in the pericycle. SHY2 also interacts with ARF7 and ARF19 in the endodermis and enhances the DA3 repressive effect on ARF7 and ARF19, thus modulating LBD16 expression in the pericycle. Overall, our findings show that DA3 acts with SHY2, ARF7, and ARF19 to coordinate auxin signaling in the pericycle and endodermis to control LR initiation in Arabidopsis.
PMID: 36640335
EMBO Rep , IF:8.807 , 2023 Jan : Pe56271 doi: 10.15252/embr.202256271
ABCB-mediated shootward auxin transport feeds into the root clock.
Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.; School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.; Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.; Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.; Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.; Lab of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
Although strongly influenced by environmental conditions, lateral root (LR) positioning along the primary root appears to follow obediently an internal spacing mechanism dictated by auxin oscillations that prepattern the primary root, referred to as the root clock. Surprisingly, none of the hitherto characterized PIN- and ABCB-type auxin transporters seem to be involved in this LR prepatterning mechanism. Here, we characterize ABCB15, 16, 17, 18, and 22 (ABCB15-22) as novel auxin-transporting ABCBs. Knock-down and genome editing of this genetically linked group of ABCBs caused strongly reduced LR densities. These phenotypes were correlated with reduced amplitude, but not reduced frequency of the root clock oscillation. High-resolution auxin transport assays and tissue-specific silencing revealed contributions of ABCB15-22 to shootward auxin transport in the lateral root cap (LRC) and epidermis, thereby explaining the reduced auxin oscillation. Jointly, these data support a model in which LRC-derived auxin contributes to the root clock amplitude.
PMID: 36718777
Plant Physiol , IF:8.34 , 2023 Mar doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad197
The trans-zeatin-type side-chain modification of cytokinins controls rice growth.
Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.; Biosci. Biotech Center, Nagoya University., Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.; Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan.; Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
Cytokinins (CKs), a class of phytohormones with vital roles in growth and development, occur naturally with various side-chain structures, including N6-(Delta2-isopentenyl)adenine-, cis-zeatin- and trans-zeatin (tZ)-types. Recent studies in the model dicot plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) have demonstrated that tZ-type CKs are biosynthesized via cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) CYP735A and have a specific function in shoot growth promotion. Although the function of some of these CKs has been demonstrated in a few dicotyledonous plant species, the importance of these variations and their biosynthetic mechanism and function in monocots and in plants with distinctive side-chain profiles other than Arabidopsis, such as rice (Oryza sativa), remain elusive. In this study, we characterized CYP735A3 and CYP735A4 to investigate the role of tZ-type CKs in rice. Complementation test of the Arabidopsis CYP735A-deficient mutant and CK profiling of loss-of-function rice mutant cyp735a3 cyp735a4 demonstrated that CYP735A3 and CYP735A4 encode P450s required for tZ-type side-chain modification in rice. CYP735As are expressed in both roots and shoots. The cyp735a3 cyp735a4 mutants exhibited growth retardation concomitant with reduction in CK activity in both roots and shoots, indicating that tZ-type CKs function in growth promotion of both organs. Expression analysis revealed that tZ-type CK biosynthesis is negatively regulated by auxin, abscisic acid, and CK and positively by dual nitrogen nutrient signals, namely glutamine-related and nitrate-specific signals. These results suggest that tZ-type CKs control the growth of both roots and shoots in response to internal and environmental cues in rice.
PMID: 36994817
Plant Physiol , IF:8.34 , 2023 Mar doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad182
The microRNA ppe-miR393 mediates auxin-induced peach fruit softening by promoting ethylene production.
College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China.; Ningbo Fenghua District Peach Research Institute, Ningbo, 315502, China.; Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement.; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China.; State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China.; Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK.
Auxin can inhibit or promote fruit ripening, depending on the species. Melting flesh (MF) peach fruit (Prunus persica L. Batsch) cultivars produce high levels of ethylene caused by high concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), which leads to rapid fruit softening at the late stage of development. In contrast, due to the low concentrations of IAA, the fruit of stony hard (SH) peach cultivars do not soften and produce little ethylene. Auxin seems necessary to trigger the biosynthesis of ethylene in peach fruit, however, the mechanism is not well understood. In this study, we identified miRNA gene family members ppe-miR393a and ppe-miR393b that are differentially expressed in SH and MF fruit. RNA ligase-mediated 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends and transient transformation of Nicotiana benthamiana revealed PpTIR1(TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE 1), part of the auxin perception and response system, as a target of ppe-miR393a and b. Yeast two-hybrid assay and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay revealed that PpTIR1 physically interacts with an Aux/IAA protein PpIAA13. The results of yeast one-hybrid assay, electrophoretic mobility shift assay and dual-luciferase assay indicated that PpIAA13 could directly bind to and trans-activate the promoter of PpACS1 (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase 1), required for ethylene biosynthesis. Transient overexpression and suppression of ppe-miR393a and PpIAA13 in peach fruit induced and repressed the expression of PpACS1, confirming their regulatory role in ethylene synthesis. Gene expression analysis in developing MF and SH fruit, combined with postharvest alpha-Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) treatment, supports a role for a ppe-miR393-PpTIR1-PpIAA13-PpACS1 module in regulating auxin-related differences in ethylene production and softening extent in different types of peach.
PMID: 36943294
Plant Physiol , IF:8.34 , 2023 Mar doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad103
FAR-RED INSENSITIVE 219 and phytochrome B co-repress shade avoidance via modulating nuclear speckle formation.
Institute of Plant Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.; Department of Life Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.; Master Program in Global Agriculture Technology and Genomic Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
Plants can sense the shade from neighboring plants by detecting a reduction of the red:far-red light (R: FR) ratio. Phytochrome B (phyB) is the primary photoreceptor that perceives shade light and regulates jasmonic acid (JA) signaling. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying phyB and JA signaling integration in shade responses remain largely unknown. Here, we show the interaction of phyB and FAR-RED INSENSITIVE 219 (FIN219)/JASMONATE RESISTANT1 (JAR1) in a functional demand manner in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedling development. Genetic evidence and interaction studies indicated that phyB and FIN219 synergistically and negatively regulate shade-induced hypocotyl elongation. Moreover, phyB interacted with various isoforms of FIN219 under high and low R: FR light. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment, FIN219 mutation, and PHYBOE digalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase1-1 (dgd1-1) plants, which show increased levels of JA, altered the patterns of phyB-associated nuclear speckles under the same conditions. Surprisingly, PHYBOE dgd1-1 showed a shorter hypocotyl phenotype than its parental mutants under shade conditions. Microarray assays using PHYBOE and PHYBOE fin219-2 indicated that PHYB overexpression substantially affects defense response-related genes under shade light and co-regulates expression of auxin-responsive genes with FIN219. Thus, our findings reveal that phyB substantially crosstalks with JA signaling through FIN219 to modulate seedling development under shade light.
PMID: 36869668
Plant Physiol , IF:8.34 , 2023 Feb doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad129
MEDIATOR SUBUNIT17 is required for transcriptional optimization of root system architecture in Arabidopsis.
Plant Mediator Lab, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India.; Plant Transcription Regulation, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India.; Plant Nutritional Lab, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India.; Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary.
Sucrose and auxin are well-known determinants of root system architecture (RSA). However, the factors that connect the signaling pathways evoked by these two critical factors during root development are poorly understood. In this study, we report the role of MEDIATOR SUBUNIT17 (MED17) in RSA and its involvement in the transcriptional integration of sugar and auxin signaling pathways in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Sucrose regulates root meristem activation through the TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN-E2 PROMOTER BINDING FACTOR A TOR-E2FA pathway, and auxin regulates lateral root (LR) development through AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR-LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN ARF-LBDs. Both sucrose and auxin play a vital role during primary and LR development. However, there is no clarity on how sucrose is involved in the ARF-dependent regulation of auxin-responsive genes. This study establishes MED17 as a nodal point to connect sucrose and auxin signaling. Transcription of MED17 was induced by sucrose in an E2FA/B-dependent manner. Moreover, E2FA/B interacted with MED17, which can aid in the recruitment of the Mediator complex on the target promoters. Interestingly, E2FA/B and MED17 also occupied the promoter of ARF7, but not ARF19, leading to ARF7 expression, which then activates auxin signaling and thus initiates LR development. MED17 also activated cell division in the root meristem by occupying the promoters of cell-cycle genes, thus regulating their transcription. Thus, MED17 plays an important role in relaying the transcriptional signal from sucrose to auxin-responsive and cell-cycle genes to regulate primary and lateral root development, highlighting the role of the Mediator as the transcriptional processor for optimal root system architecture in Arabidopsis.
PMID: 36852886
Plant Physiol , IF:8.34 , 2023 Feb doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad099
MicroRNA156ab regulates apple plant growth and drought tolerance by targeting transcription factor MsSPL13.
Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
Drought stress substantially reduces the productivity of apple plants and severely restricts the development of the apple industry. Malus sieversii, a wild apple with excellent drought resistance, is a valuable wild resource for rootstock improvement of cultivated apple (Malus domestica). miRNAs and their targets play essential roles in plant growth and stress responses, but their roles in drought stress responses in apple are unknown. Here, we demonstrate that microRNA156ab is upregulated in M. sieversii in response to drought stress. Overexpressing msi-miR156ab promoted auxin accumulation, maintained the growth of apple plants, and increased plant resistance to osmotic stress. Antioxidant enzyme activities and proline contents were also increased in miR156ab-OE transgenic apple lines, which improved drought resistance. The SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) transcription factor MsSPL13 is the target of msi-miR156ab, as demonstrated by 5-RACE and dual luciferase assays. Heterologous expression of MsSPL13 decreased auxin contents and inhibited growth in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) under normal and stress conditions. The activities of antioxidant enzymes were also suppressed in MsSPL13-OE transgenic Arabidopsis, reducing drought resistance. We showed that MsSPL13 regulates the expression of the auxin-related genes MsYUCCA5, PIN-FORMED7 (MsPIN7), and Gretchen Hagen3-5 (MsGH3-5) by binding to the GTAC cis-elements in their promoters, thereby regulating auxin metabolism. Finally, we demonstrated that the miR156ab-SPL13 module is involved in mediating the difference in auxin metabolism and stress responses between the M. sieversii and M26 (M. domestica) rootstocks. Overall, these findings reveal that the miR156ab-SPL13 module enhances drought stress tolerance in apples by regulating auxin metabolism and antioxidant enzyme activities.
PMID: 36805285
Plant Physiol , IF:8.34 , 2023 Feb doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad101
To grow up or not: SUMOylation of IAA7 acts as a key molecular switch of auxin signaling.
School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.; State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
PMID: 36797804
Plant Physiol , IF:8.34 , 2023 Feb doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad086
Wheat AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 15 delays senescence through interaction at the TaNAM1 locus.
Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616.
PMID: 36788762
Plant Physiol , IF:8.34 , 2023 Feb doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad073
Dynamic GOLVEN-ROOT GROWTH FACTOR 1 INSENSITIVE signaling in the root cap mediates root gravitropism.
Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.; VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
Throughout exploration of the soil, roots interact with their environment and adapt to different conditions. Directional root growth is guided by asymmetric molecular patterns but how these become established or are dynamically regulated is poorly understood. Asymmetric gradients of the phytohormone auxin are established during root gravitropism, mainly through directional transport mediated by polarized auxin transporters. Upon gravistimulation, PIN-FORMED2 (PIN2) is differentially distributed and accumulates at the lower root side to facilitate asymmetric auxin transport up to the elongation zone where it inhibits cell elongation. GOLVEN (GLV) peptides function in gravitropism by affecting PIN2 abundance in epidermal cells. In addition, GLV signaling through ROOT GROWTH FACTOR 1 INSENSITIVE (RGI) receptors regulates root apical meristem maintenance. Here, we show that GLV-RGI signaling in these two processes in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) can be mapped to different cells in the root tip and that, in the case of gravitropism, it operates mainly in the lateral root cap (LRC) to maintain PIN2 levels at the plasma membrane. Furthermore, we found that GLV signaling upregulates the phosphorylation level of PIN2 in an RGI-dependent manner. In addition, we demonstrated that the RGI5 receptor is asymmetrically distributed in the LRC and accumulates in the lower side of the LRC after gravistimulation. Asymmetric GLV-RGI signaling in the root cap likely accounts for differential PIN2 abundance at the plasma membrane to temporarily support auxin transport up to the elongation zone thereby representing an additional level of control on the asymmetrical auxin flux to mediate differential growth of the root.
PMID: 36747317
Plant Physiol , IF:8.34 , 2023 Feb doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad045
Sucrose-induced auxin conjugate hydrolase restores symbiosis in a Medicago cytokinin perception mutant.
Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, India.
Rhizobia-legume interactions recruit cytokinin for the induction of nodule primordia in the cortex. Cytokinin signaling regulates auxin transport and biosynthesis, causing local auxin accumulation which triggers cortical cell division. Since sugar signaling can trigger auxin responses, we explored whether sugar treatments could rescue symbiosis in the Medicago truncatula Cytokinin Response 1 mutant (cre1.) Herein we demonstrate that sucrose and its nonmetabolizable isomer turanose can trigger auxin response and recover functional symbiosis in cre1, indicating sucrose signaling to be necessary for restoration of symbiosis. In both M. truncatula A17 (wild-type) and cre1, sucrose signaling significantly upregulated IAA-Ala Resistant 3 (IAR33), encoding an auxin conjugate hydrolase, in rhizobia-infected as well as in uninfected roots. Knockdown of IAR33 (IAR33-KD) significantly reduced nodulation in A17, highlighting the importance of deconjugation-mediated auxin accumulation during nodule inception. In cre1, IAR33-KD restricted the sucrose mediated restoration of functional symbiosis, suggesting deconjugation-mediated auxin accumulation plays a key role in the absence of CRE1-mediated auxin biosynthesis and transport control. Overexpression of IAR33 also restored functional symbiosis in cre1, further suggesting thatIAR33 mediates auxin accumulation in response to sucrose signaling. Since all the observed sucrose mediated responses were common to A17 and cre1, deconjugation-mediated auxin response appeared to be independent of CRE1, whichnormally governs local auxin accumulation in the presence of rhizobia. We propose that sucrose-dependent restoration of symbiosis in cre1 occurs by the activation of IAR33-mediated auxin deconjugation.
PMID: 36722159
Plant Physiol , IF:8.34 , 2023 Mar , V191 (3) : P1751-1770 doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad006
Roles of very long-chain fatty acids in compound leaf patterning in Medicago truncatula.
The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266101, China.; Grassland Agri-Husbandry Research Center, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.; College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.; State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.; Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, 3210 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA.
Plant cuticles are composed of hydrophobic cuticular waxes and cutin. Very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) are components of epidermal waxes and the plasma membrane and are involved in organ morphogenesis. By screening a barrelclover (Medicago truncatula) mutant population tagged by the transposable element of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cell type1 (Tnt1), we identified two types of mutants with unopened flower phenotypes, named unopened flower1 (uof1) and uof2. Both UOF1 and UOF2 encode enzymes that are involved in the biosynthesis of VLCFAs and cuticular wax. Comparative analysis of the mutants indicated that the mutation in UOF1, but not UOF2, leads to the increased number of leaflets in M. truncatula. UOF1 was specifically expressed in the outermost cell layer (L1) of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and leaf primordia. The uof1 mutants displayed defects in VLCFA-mediated plasma membrane integrity, resulting in the disordered localization of the PIN-FORMED1 (PIN1) ortholog SMOOTH LEAF MARGIN1 (SLM1) in M. truncatula. Our work demonstrates that the UOF1-mediated biosynthesis of VLCFAs in L1 is critical for compound leaf patterning, which is associated with the polarization of the auxin efflux carrier in M. truncatula.
PMID: 36617225
Plant Physiol , IF:8.34 , 2023 Mar , V191 (3) : P1953-1967 doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiac586
Abscisic acid promotes auxin biosynthesis to inhibit primary root elongation in rice.
Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.; National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing 100081, China.
Soil compaction is a global problem causing inadequate rooting and poor yield in crops. Accumulating evidence indicates that phytohormones coordinately regulate root growth via regulating specific growth processes in distinct tissues. However, how abscisic acid (ABA) signaling translates into auxin production to control root growth during adaptation to different soil environments is still unclear. In this study, we report that ABA has biphasic effects on primary root growth in rice (Oryza sativa) through an auxin biosynthesis-mediated process, causing suppression of root elongation and promotion of root swelling in response to soil compaction. We found that ABA treatment induced the expression of auxin biosynthesis genes and auxin accumulation in roots. Conversely, blocking auxin biosynthesis reduced ABA sensitivity in roots, showing longer and thinner primary roots with larger root meristem size and smaller root diameter. Further investigation revealed that the transcription factor basic region and leucine zipper 46 (OsbZIP46), involved in ABA signaling, can directly bind to the YUCCA8/rice ethylene-insensitive 7 (OsYUC8/REIN7) promoter to activate its expression, and genetic analysis revealed that OsYUC8/REIN7 is located downstream of OsbZIP46. Moreover, roots of mutants defective in ABA or auxin biosynthesis displayed the enhanced ability to penetrate compacted soil. Thus, our results disclose the mechanism in which ABA employs auxin as a downstream signal to modify root elongation and radial expansion, resulting in short and swollen roots impaired in their ability to penetrate compacted soil. These findings provide avenues for breeders to select crops resilient to soil compaction.
PMID: 36535001
Plant Physiol , IF:8.34 , 2023 Mar , V191 (3) : P1871-1883 doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiac553
SUMO E3 ligase AtMMS21-dependent SUMOylation of AUXIN/INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID 17 regulates auxin signaling.
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China.
Changes in plant auxin levels can be perceived and converted into cellular responses by auxin signal transduction. AUXIN/INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID (Aux/IAA) proteins are auxin transcriptional inhibitors that play important roles in regulating auxin signal transduction. The stability of Aux/IAA proteins is important for transcription initiation and downstream auxin-related gene expression. Here, we report that the Aux/IAA protein IAA17 interacts with the small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) E3 ligase METHYL METHANESULFONATE-SENSITIVE 21 (AtMMS21) in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). AtMMS21 regulated the SUMOylation of IAA17 at the K41 site. Notably, root length was suppressed in plants overexpressing IAA17, whereas the roots of K41-mutated IAA17 transgenic plants were not significantly different from wild-type roots. Biochemical data indicated that K41-mutated IAA17 or IAA17 in the AtMMS21 knockout mutant was more likely to be degraded compared with nonmutated IAA17 in wild-type plants. In conclusion, our data revealed a role for SUMOylation in the maintenance of IAA17 protein stability, which contributes to improving our understanding of the mechanisms of auxin signaling.
PMID: 36464768
Plant Physiol , IF:8.34 , 2023 Feb , V191 (2) : P834-836 doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiac535
Wheat AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 15 delays senescence through competitive interaction at the TaNAM1 locus.
Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
PMID: 36454670
Plant Physiol , IF:8.34 , 2023 Feb , V191 (2) : P1365-1382 doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiac530
SYNTAXIN OF PLANTS81 regulates root meristem activity and stem cell niche maintenance via ROS signaling.
Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.; Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences at Weifang, Weifang, Shandong 261000, China.; Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China.; Institute of Advanced Biotechnology and School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.; Center for Advanced Bioindustry Technologies, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
Root growth and development depend on continuous cell division and differentiation in root tips. In these processes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a critical role as signaling molecules. However, few ROS signaling regulators have been identified. In this study, we found knockdown of a syntaxin gene, SYNTAXIN OF PLANTS81 in Arabidopsis thaliana (AtSYP81) resulted in a severe reduction in root meristem activity and disruption of root stem cell niche (SCN) identity. Subsequently, we found AtSYP81 was highly expressed in roots and localized on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Interestingly, the reduced expression of AtSYP81 conferred a decreased number of peroxisomes in root meristem cells, raising a possibility that AtSYP81 regulates root development through peroxisome-mediated ROS production. Further transcriptome analysis revealed that class III peroxidases, which are responsible for intracellular ROS homeostasis, showed significantly changed expression in the atsyp81 mutants and AtSYP81 overexpression lines, adding evidence of the regulatory role of AtSYP81 in ROS signaling. Accordingly, rescuing the decreased ROS level via applying ROS donors effectively restored the defects in root meristem activity and SCN identity in the atsyp81 mutants. APETALA2 (AP2) transcription factors PLETHORA1 and 2 (PLT1 and PLT2) were then established as the downstream effectors in this pathway, while potential crosstalk between ROS signaling and auxin signaling was also indicated. Taken together, our findings suggest that AtSYP81 regulates root meristem activity and maintains root SCN identity by controlling peroxisome- and peroxidase-mediated ROS homeostasis, thus both broadening and deepening our understanding of the biological roles of SNARE proteins and ROS signaling.
PMID: 36427205
Plant Physiol , IF:8.34 , 2023 Feb , V191 (2) : P1254-1271 doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiac497
The auxin response factor TaARF15-A1 negatively regulates senescence in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).
Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.; Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050000, China.; Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China.; Institute of Wheat Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Linfen 041000, China.
Auxin plays an important role in regulating leaf senescence. Auxin response factors (ARFs) are crucial components of the auxin signaling pathway; however, their roles in leaf senescence in cereal crops are unknown. In this study, we identified TaARF15-A1 as a negative regulator of senescence in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by analyzing TaARF15-A1 overexpression (OE) and RNA interference lines and CRISPR/Cas9-based arf15 mutants. OE of TaARF15-A1 delayed senescence, whereas knockdown lines and knockout mutants showed accelerated leaf senescence and grain ripening. RNA-seq analysis revealed that TaARF15-A1 delays leaf senescence by negatively regulating senescence-promoting processes and positively modulating senescence-delaying genes including senescence-associated phytohormone biosynthesis and metabolism genes as well as transcription factors (TFs). We also demonstrated that TaARF15-A1 physically interacts with TaMYC2, a core jasmonic acid (JA) signaling TF that positively modulates wheat senescence. Furthermore, TaARF15-A1 suppressed the expression of TaNAM-1 (TaNAM-A1 and TaNAM-D1) via protein-protein interaction and competition with TaMYC2 for binding to its promoter to regulate senescence. Finally, we identified two haplotypes of TaARF15-A1 in global wheat collections. Association analysis revealed that TaARF15-A1-HapI has undergone strong selection during wheat breeding in China, likely owing to its earlier maturity. Thus, we identify TaARF15-A1 as a negative regulator of senescence in common wheat and present another perspective on the crosstalk between auxin and JA signaling pathways in regulating plant senescence.
PMID: 36282536
Environ Pollut , IF:8.071 , 2023 Apr , V322 : P121140 doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121140
Enhanced detoxification via Cyt-P450 governs cross-tolerance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides in weed species of Centaurea.
Agroforestry and Plant Biochemistry, Proteomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, UCO-CeiA3, 14014, Cordoba, Spain.; Agroforestry and Plant Biochemistry, Proteomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, UCO-CeiA3, 14014, Cordoba, Spain. Electronic address: z82vagaj@uco.es.; Biosciences Department, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, Beja, Portugal; VALORIZA-Research Centre for Endogenous Resource Valorization, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, Portalegre, Portugal.; Department of Agroforestry Sciences, Campus El Carmen, University of Huelva, 21007, Huelva, Spain.; Centro de Ciencias da Natureza, Campus Lagoa Do Sino, Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos, Buri, 18290-000, Brazil.; Plant Protection Department, Extremadura Scientific and Technological Research Center (CICYTEX), Ctra. de AV, Km 372, Badajoz, 06187, Guadajira, Spain.; Department D'Hortofructicultura, Botanica i Jardineria, Agrotecnio-CERCA Center, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain.
Centaurea is a genus of winter weeds with a similar life cycle and competitive traits, which occurs in small-grains production fields in the central-southern of the Iberian Peninsula. However, most of herbicides recommended for weed management in wheat show poor control of Centaurea species. This study summarizes the biology, herbicide tolerance to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors, and recommended chemical alternatives for the control of Centaurea species. Four species (C. cyanus L., C. diluta Aiton, C. melitensis L. and C. pullata L. subsp. baetica Talavera), taxonomically characterized, were found as the main important broadleaf weeds in small-grains production fields of the Iberian Peninsula. These species showed innate tolerance to tribenuron-methyl (TM), showing LD(50) values (mortality of 50% of a population) higher than the field dose of TM (20 g ai ha(-1)). The order of tolerance was C. diluta (LD(50) = 702 g ha(-1)) >> C. pullata (LD(50) = 180 g ha(-1)) >> C. cyanus (LD(50) = 65 g ha(-1)) > C. melitensis (LD(50) = 32 g ha(-1)). Centaurea cyanus and C. melitensis presented higher foliar retention (150-180 muL herbicide solution), absorption (14-28%) and subsequent translocation (7-12%) of TM with respect to the other two species. Centaurea spp. plants were able to metabolize (14)C-TM into non-toxic forms (hydroxylated OH-metsulfuron-methyl and conjugated-metsulfuron-methyl), with cytochrome P450 (Cyt-P450) monooxygenases being responsible for herbicide detoxification. Centaurea cyanus and C. mellitensis metabolized up to 25% of TM, while C. diluta and C. pullata metabolized more than 50% of the herbicide. Centaurea species showed 80-100% survival when treated with of florasulam, imazamox and/or metsulfuron-methyl, i.e., these weeds present cross-tolerance to ALS inhibitors. In contrast, auxin mimics herbicides (2,4-D, clopyralid, dicamba, fluroxypir and MCPA) efficiently controlled the four Centaurea species. In addition, the mixture of ALS-inhibitors and auxin mimics also proved to be an interesting alternative for the control of Centaurea. These results show that plants of the genus Centaurea found in the winter cereal fields of the Iberian Peninsula have an innate tolerance to TM and cross-resistance to other ALS-inhibiting herbicides, governed by reduced absorption and translocation, but mainly by the metabolization of the herbicide via Cyt-P450.
PMID: 36706859
mBio , IF:7.867 , 2023 Feb , V14 (1) : Pe0336322 doi: 10.1128/mbio.03363-22
Emergence of an Auxin Sensing Domain in Plant-Associated Bacteria.
Laboratory of Crystallographic Studies, IACT (CSIC-UGR), Armilla, Spain.; Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Estacion Experimental del Zaidin, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Granada, Spain.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, Murcia, Spain.; Bioinformatics Research Center, Pavlov First Saint Petersburg Medical State University, St. Petersburg, Russia.; Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.; The Center of Bio- and Chemoinformatics, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.; Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
Bacteria have evolved a sophisticated array of signal transduction systems that allow them to adapt their physiology and metabolism to changing environmental conditions. Typically, these systems recognize signals through dedicated ligand binding domains (LBDs) to ultimately trigger a diversity of physiological responses. Nonetheless, an increasing number of reports reveal that signal transduction receptors also bind antagonists to inhibit responses mediated by agonists. The mechanisms by which antagonists block the downstream signaling cascade remain largely unknown. To advance our knowledge in this field, we used the LysR-type transcriptional regulator AdmX as a model. AdmX activates the expression of an antibiotic biosynthetic cluster in the rhizobacterium Serratia plymuthica. AdmX specifically recognizes the auxin phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and its biosynthetic intermediate indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPA) as signals. However, only IAA, but not IPA, was shown to regulate antibiotic production in S. plymuthica. Here, we report the high-resolution structures of the LBD of AdmX in complex with IAA and IPA. We found that IAA and IPA compete for binding to AdmX. Although IAA and IPA binding does not alter the oligomeric state of AdmX, IPA binding causes a higher degree of compactness in the protein structure. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed significant differences in the binding modes of IAA and IPA by AdmX, and the inspection of the three-dimensional structures evidenced differential agonist- and antagonist-mediated structural changes. Key residues for auxin binding were identified and an auxin recognition motif defined. Phylogenetic clustering supports the recent evolutionary emergence of this motif specifically in plant-associated enterobacteria. IMPORTANCE Although antagonists were found to bind different bacterial signal transduction receptors, we are still at the early stages of understanding the molecular details by which these molecules exert their inhibitory effects. Here, we provide insight into the structural changes resulting from the binding of an agonist and an antagonist to a sensor protein. Our data indicate that agonist and antagonist recognition is characterized by small conformational differences in the LBDs that can be efficiently transmitted to the output domain to modulate the final response. LBDs are subject to strong selective pressures and are rapidly evolving domains. An increasing number of reports support the idea that environmental factors drive the evolution of sensor domains. Given the recent evolutionary history of AdmX homologs, as well as their narrow phyletic distribution within plant-associated bacteria, our results are in accordance with a plant-mediated evolutionary process that resulted in the emergence of receptor proteins that specifically sense auxin phytohormones.
PMID: 36602305
Curr Opin Plant Biol , IF:7.834 , 2023 Mar , V72 : P102350 doi: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102350
Flavonols modulate plant development, signaling, and stress responses.
Climate Resilient Crop Production Laboratory, Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.; Department of Biology, Center for Molecular Signaling, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.; Climate Resilient Crop Production Laboratory, Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Plant Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.; Department of Biology, Center for Molecular Signaling, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA. Electronic address: muday@wfu.edu.
Flavonols are plant-specialized metabolites with important functions in plant growth and development. Isolation and characterization of mutants with reduced flavonol levels, especially the transparent testa mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana, have contributed to our understanding of the flavonol biosynthetic pathway. These mutants have also uncovered the roles of flavonols in controlling development in above- and below-ground tissues, notably in the regulation of root architecture, guard cell signaling, and pollen development. In this review, we present recent progress made towards a mechanistic understanding of flavonol function in plant growth and development. Specifically, we highlight findings that flavonols act as reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers and inhibitors of auxin transport in diverse tissues and cell types to modulate plant growth and development and responses to abiotic stresses.
PMID: 36870100
Food Chem , IF:7.514 , 2023 May , V408 : P135215 doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135215
A multiomics integrative analysis of color de-synchronization with softening of 'Hass' avocado fruit: A first insight into a complex physiological disorder.
Escuela de Agronomia, Facultad de Ciencias Agronomicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, Quillota, Chile.; KU Leuven, Facility for Systems Biology based Mass Spectrometry SYBIOMA, Leuven, Belgium; Biodiversity International, Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture, Leuven, Belgium.; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.; Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Lima, Peru.; Centro de Estudios Postcosecha, Facultad de Ciencias Agronomicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.; Departamento de Fruticultura y Enologia, Facultad de Agronomia e Ingenieria Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Genetica Molecular y Microbiologia, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; ANID-Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation (CRG), Santiago, Chile. Electronic address: claudio.meneses@uc.cl.; Escuela de Agronomia, Facultad de Ciencias Agronomicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, Quillota, Chile; Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation (CRG), Santiago, Chile. Electronic address: romina.pedreschi@pucv.cl.
Exocarp color de-synchronization with softening of 'Hass' avocado is a relevant recurrent problem for the avocado supply chain. This study aimed to unravel the mechanisms driving this de-synchronization integrating omics datasets from avocado exocarp of different storage conditions and color phenotypes. In addition, we propose potential biomarkers to predict color synchronized/de-synchronized fruit. Integration of transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics and network analysis revealed eight transcription factors associated with differentially regulated genes between regular air (RA) and controlled atmosphere (CA) and twelve transcription factors related to avocado fruit color de-synchronization control in ready-to-eat stage. CA was positively correlated to auxins, ethylene, cytokinins and brassinosteroids-related genes, while RA was characterized by enrichment of cell wall remodeling and abscisic acid content associated genes. At ready-to-eat higher contents of flavonoids, abscisic acid and brassinosteroids were associated with color-softening synchronized avocados. In contrast, de-synchronized fruit revealed increases of jasmonic acid, salicylic acid and auxin levels.
PMID: 36528992
Free Radic Biol Med , IF:7.376 , 2023 Feb , V196 : P93-107 doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.01.015
Responses of individual and combined polystyrene and polymethyl methacrylate nanoplastics on hormonal content, fluorescence/photochemistry of chlorophylls and ROS scavenging capacity in Lemna minor under arsenic-induced oxidative stress.
Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Necmettin Erbakan University, Meram, 42090, Konya, Turkey. Electronic address: cozfidan@erbakan.edu.tr.; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, Selcuklu, 42130, Konya, Turkey. Electronic address: eytugay@selcuk.edu.tr.; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, Selcuklu, 42130, Konya, Turkey. Electronic address: busra.arikan@selcuk.edu.tr.; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, Selcuklu, 42130, Konya, Turkey. Electronic address: fatmanur.alp@selcuk.edu.tr.; Department of Agricultural Trade and Management, Faculty of Economy and Administrative Sciences, Yeditepe University, 34755, Istanbul, Turkey. Electronic address: metinturan@yeditepe.edu.tr.; Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, Selcuklu, 42130, Konya, Turkey. Electronic address: hcavusoglu@selcuk.edu.tr.; Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Selcuk University, Selcuklu, 42130, Konya, Turkey. Electronic address: huseyinsakalak@gmail.com.
Nanoplastics alter the adverse impacts of hazardous contaminants such as heavy metals by changing their adsorption and accumulation. Few findings are available on the interaction between nanoplastic and heavy metals in plants. However, there is no report on the mechanisms for removing metal stress-mediated oxidative damage by the combination treatments of nanoplastics. To address this lack of information, polystyrene nanoplastic (PS, 100 mg L(-1)) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA, 100 mg L(-1)) were hydroponically applied to Lemna minor exposed to arsenate (As, 100 muM) for 7 days. PS or PMMA caused a reduction in the contents of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Mn, but the improved contents were detected in the presence of PS or PMMA plus As stress. The hormone contents (auxin, gibberellic acid, cytokinin, salicylic acid and jasmonic acid) reduced by stress were re-arranged through PS or PMMA applications. Based on chlorophyll efficiency, fluorescence kinetics and performance of PSII, the impaired photosynthesis by As stress was improved via PS or PMMA applications. This alleviation did not continue under the combined form of PS and PMMA in As-applied plants. All analyzed antioxidant activity (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR)) decreased or unchanged under As, PS or PMMA. Due to the inactivation of the defense system, L. minor had high levels of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), showing lipid peroxidation. After As toxicity, induvial applications of PS or PMMA indicated the activated enzyme capacity (SOD, POX, GST and GPX) and upregulated AsA/DHA, GSH/GSSG and redox state of GSH, which facilitated the removal of radical accumulation. The efficiency of the antioxidant system in As + PS + PMMA-applied L. minor was not enough to remove damage induced by As stress; hereby, TBARS and H(2)O(2) contents were similar to the As-treated group. Our findings from alone or combined application of PS and PMMA provide new information to advance the tolerance mechanism against As exposure in L. minor.
PMID: 36657731
Plant Cell Environ , IF:7.228 , 2023 Mar doi: 10.1111/pce.14580
SlIAA23-SlARF6 module controls arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis by regulating strigolactone biosynthesis in tomato.
Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.; Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, China.; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth and Development, Agricultural Ministry of China, Hangzhou, China.
Auxins are a class of phytohormones with roles involved in the establishment and maintenance of the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis (AMS). Auxin response factors (ARFs) and Auxin/Indole-acetic acids (AUX/IAAs), as two transcription factors of the auxin signaling pathway, coregulate the transcription of auxin response genes. However, the interrelation and regulatory mechanism of ARFs and AUX/IAAs in regulating AMS are still unclear. In this study, we found that the content of auxin in tomato roots increased sharply and revealed the importance of the auxin signaling pathway in the early stage of AMS. Notably, SlARF6 was found to play a negative role in AMF colonization. Silencing SlARF6 significantly increased the expression of AM-marker genes, as well as AMF-induced phosphorus uptake. SlIAA23 could interact with SlARF6 in vivo and in vitro, and promoted the AMS and phosphorus uptake. Interestingly, SlARF6 and SlIAA23 played a contrary role in strigolactone (SL) synthesis and accumulation in AMF-colonized roots of tomato plants. SlARF6 could directly bind to the AuxRE motif of the SlCCD8 promoter and inhibited its transcription, however, this effect was attenuated by SlIAA23 through interaction with SlARF6. Our results suggest that SlIAA23-SlARF6 coregulated tomato-AMS via an SL-dependent pathway, thus affecting phosphorus uptake in tomato plants.
PMID: 36891914
Plant Cell Environ , IF:7.228 , 2023 Mar , V46 (3) : P975-990 doi: 10.1111/pce.14517
ZmBET5L1 inhibits primary root growth and decreases osmotic stress tolerance by mediating vesicle aggregation and tethering in maize.
National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, Tai-An, China.; Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaption Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.
Improving osmotic stress tolerance is critical to help crops to thrive and maintain high yields in adverse environments. Here, we characterized a core subunit of the transport protein particle (TRAPP) complex, ZmBET5L1, in maize using knowledge-driven data mining and genome editing. We found that ZmBET5L1 can interact with TRAPP I complex subunits and act as a tethering factor to mediate vesicle aggregation and targeting from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. ZmBET5L1 knock-out increased the primary root elongation rate under 20% polyethylene glycol-simulated osmotic stress and the survival rate under drought stress compared to wild-type seedlings. In addition, we found that ZmBET5L1 moderates PIN1 polar localization and auxin flow to maintain normal root growth. ZmBET5L1 knock-out optimized auxin flow to the lateral side of the root and promoted its growth to generate a robust root, which may be related to improved osmotic stress tolerance. Together, these findings demonstrate that ZmBET5L1 inhibits primary root growth and decreases osmotic stress tolerance by regulating vesicle transport and auxin distribution. This study has improved our understanding of the role of tethering factors in response to abiotic stresses and identified desirable variants for breeding osmotic stress tolerance in maize.
PMID: 36515184
Plant Cell Environ , IF:7.228 , 2023 Mar , V46 (3) : P1018-1032 doi: 10.1111/pce.14508
Wheat genome architecture influences interactions with phytobeneficial microbial functional groups in the rhizosphere.
Univ Lyon, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR5557 Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne, France.; Genebank Department, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany.
Wheat has undergone a complex evolutionary history, which led to allopolyploidization and the hexaploid bread wheat Triticum aestivum. However, the significance of wheat genomic architecture for beneficial plant-microbe interactions is poorly understood, especially from a functional standpoint. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that wheat genomic architecture was an overriding factor determining root recruitment of microorganisms with particular plant-beneficial traits. We chose five wheat species representing genomic profiles AA (Triticum urartu), BB SS (Aegilops speltoides), DD (Aegilops tauschii), AABB (Triticum dicoccon) and AABBDD (Triticum aestivum) and assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction their ability to interact with free-nitrogen fixers, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase producers, 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol producers and auxin producers via the phenylpyruvate decarboxylase pathway, in combination with Illumina MiSeq metabarcoding analysis of N fixers (and of the total bacterial community). We found that the abundance of the microbial functional groups could fluctuate according to wheat genomic profile, as did the total bacterial abundance. N fixer diversity and total bacterial diversity were also influenced significantly by wheat genomic profile. Often, rather similar results were obtained for genomes DD (Ae. tauschii) and AABBDD (T. aestivum), pointing for the first time that the D genome could be particularly important for wheat-bacteria interactions.
PMID: 36494920
Plant Cell Environ , IF:7.228 , 2023 Apr , V46 (4) : P1075-1086 doi: 10.1111/pce.14494
Roles of auxin response factors in rice development and stress responses.
Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
Auxin signalling plays a key role in various developmental processes ranging from embryogenesis to senescence in plants. Auxin response factor (ARF), a key component of auxin signalling, functions by binding to auxin response element within promoter of auxin response genes, activating or repressing the target genes. Increasing evidences show that ARFs are crucial for plant response to stresses. This review summarises the recent advance on the functions and their regulatory pathways of rice ARFs in development and responding to stresses. The importance of OsARFs is demonstrated by their roles in triggering various physiological, biochemical and molecular reactions to resist adverse environmental conditions. We also describe the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of OsARFs, and discuss the major challenges in this area.
PMID: 36397176
Plant Cell Environ , IF:7.228 , 2023 Feb , V46 (2) : P498-517 doi: 10.1111/pce.14491
ABA-responsive AREB1/ABI3-1/ABI5 cascade regulates IAA oxidase gene SlDAO2 to inhibit hypocotyl elongation in tomato.
Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China.; Crop Breeding and Cultivation Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.
Hypocotyl elongation is dramatically influenced by environmental factors and phytohormones. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) plays a prominent role in hypocotyl elongation, whereas abscisic acid (ABA) is regarded as an inhibitor through repressing IAA synthesis and signalling. However, the regulatory role of ABA in local IAA deactivation remains largely uncharacterized. In this study, we confirmed the antagonistic interplay of ABA and IAA during the hypocotyl elongation of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seedlings. We identified an IAA oxidase enzyme DIOXYGENASE FOR AUXIN OXIDATION2 (SlDAO2), and its expression was induced by both external and internal ABA signals in tomato hypocotyls. Moreover, the overexpression of SlDAO2 led to a reduced sensitivity to IAA, and the knockout of SlDAO2 alleviated the inhibitory effect of ABA on hypocotyl elongation. Furthermore, an ABA-responsive regulatory SlAREB1/SlABI3-1/SlABI5 cascade was identified to act upstream of SlDAO2 and to precisely control its expression. SlAREB1 directly bound to the ABRE present in the SlDAO2 promoter to activate SlDAO2 expression, and SlABI3-1 enhanced while SlABI5 inhibited the activation ability of SlAREB1 by directly interacting with SlAREB1. Our findings revealed that ABA might induce local IAA oxidation and deactivation via SlDAO2 to modulate IAA homoeostasis and thereby repress hypocotyl elongation in tomato.
PMID: 36369997
Plant Cell Environ , IF:7.228 , 2023 Feb , V46 (2) : P567-591 doi: 10.1111/pce.14486
Low iron ameliorates the salinity-induced growth cessation of seminal roots in wheat seedlings.
School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.; School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
Wheat plants are ubiquitously simultaneously exposed to salinity and limited iron availability caused by soil saline-alkalisation. Through this study, we found that both low Fe and NaCl severely inhibited the growth of seminal roots in wheat seedlings; however, sufficient Fe caused greater growth cessation of seminal roots than low Fe under salt stress. Low Fe improved the root meristematic division activity, not altering the mature cell sizes compared with sufficient Fe under salt stress. Foliar Fe spray and split-root experiments showed that low Fe-alleviating the salinity-induced growth cessation of seminal roots was dependent on local low Fe signals in the roots. Ionomics combined with TEM/X-ray few differences in the root Na(+) uptake and vacuolar Na(+) sequestration between two Fe levels under salt stress. Phytohormone profiling and metabolomics revealed salinity-induced overaccumulation of ACC/ethylene and tryptophan/auxin in the roots under sufficient Fe than under low Fe. Differential gene expression, pharmacological inhibitor addition and the root growth performance of transgenic wheat plants revealed that the rootward auxin efflux and was responsible for the low Fe-mediated amelioration of the salinity-induced growth cessation of seminal roots. Our findings will provide novel insights into the modulation of crop root growth under salt stress.
PMID: 36358019
Plant Cell Environ , IF:7.228 , 2023 Apr , V46 (4) : P1327-1339 doi: 10.1111/pce.14438
Homeobox transcription factors OsZHD1 and OsZHD2 induce inflorescence meristem activity at floral transition in rice.
Department of Plant Bioscience, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Republic of Korea.; Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Republic of Korea.; Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea.
Floral transition starts in the leaves when florigens respond to various environmental and developmental factors. Among several regulatory genes that are preferentially expressed in the inflorescence meristem during the floral transition, this study examines the homeobox genes OsZHD1 and OsZHD2 for their roles in regulating this transition. Although single mutations in these genes did not result in visible phenotype changes, double mutations in these genes delayed flowering. Florigen expression was not altered in the double mutants, indicating that the delay was due to a defect in florigen signaling. Morphological analysis of shoot apical meristem at the early developmental stage indicated that inflorescence meristem development was significantly delayed in the double mutants. Overexpression of ZHD2 causes early flowering because of downstream signals after the generation of florigens. Expression levels of the auxin biosynthesis genes were reduced in the mutants and the addition of indole-3-acetic acid recovered the defect in the mutants, suggesting that these homeobox genes play a role in auxin biosynthesis. A rice florigen, RICE FLOWERING LOCUS T 1, binds to the promoter regions of homeobox genes. These results indicate that florigens stimulate the expression of homeobox genes, enhancing inflorescence development in the shoot apex.
PMID: 36120845
Plant Cell Environ , IF:7.228 , 2023 Apr , V46 (4) : P1157-1175 doi: 10.1111/pce.14434
Auxin plays a role in the adaptation of rice to anaerobic germination and seedling establishment.
Department of Bioagricultural Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan.; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
Auxin is well known to stimulate coleoptile elongation and rapid seedling growth in the air. However, its role in regulating rice germination and seedling establishment under submergence is largely unknown. Previous studies revealed that excessive levels of indole-3-acetic acid(IAA) frequently cause the inhibition of plant growth and development. In this study, the high-level accumulation of endogenous IAA is observed under dark submergence, stimulating rice coleoptile elongation but limiting the root and primary leaf growth during anaerobic germination (AG). We found that oxygen and light can reduce IAA levels, promote the seedling establishment and enhance rice AG tolerance. miRNA microarray profiling and RNA gel blot analysis results show that the expression of miR167 is negatively regulated by submergence; it subsequently modulates the accumulation of free IAA through the miR167-ARF-GH3 pathway. The OsGH3-8 encodes an IAA-amido synthetase that functions to prevent free IAA accumulation. Reduced miR167 levels or overexpressing OsGH3-8 increase auxin metabolism, reduce endogenous levels of free IAA and enhance rice AG tolerance. Our studies reveal that poor seed germination and seedling growth inhibition resulting from excessive IAA accumulation would cause intolerance to submergence in rice, suggesting that a certain threshold level of auxin is essential for rice AG tolerance.
PMID: 36071575
Microbiol Spectr , IF:7.171 , 2023 Feb : Pe0352522 doi: 10.1128/spectrum.03525-22
Root-Associated Antagonistic Pseudomonas spp. Contribute to Soil Suppressiveness against Banana Fusarium Wilt Disease of Banana.
Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Joint International Research Laboratory of Soil Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.; The Sanya Institute of the Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, Hainan, People's Republic of China.
Members of the microbiotas colonizing the plant endophytic compartments and the surrounding bulk and rhizosphere soil play an important role in determining plant health. However, the relative contributions of the soil and endophytic microbiomes and their mechanistic roles in achieving disease suppression remain elusive. To disentangle the relative importance of the different microbiomes in the various plant compartments in inhibiting pathogen infection, we conducted a field experiment to track changes in the composition of microbial communities in bulk and rhizosphere soil and of root endophytes and leaf endosphere collected from bananas planted on Fusarium-infested orchards in disease-suppressive and disease-conducive soils. We found that the rhizosphere and roots were the two dominant plant parts whose bacterial communities contributed to pathogen suppression. We further observed that Pseudomonas was potentially a key organism acting as a pathogen antagonist, as illustrated by microbial community composition and network analysis. Subsequently, culturable pathogen-antagonistic Pseudomonas strains were isolated, and their potential suppressive functions or possible antibiosis in terms of auxin or siderophore synthesis and phosphate solubilization were screened to analyze the mode of action of candidate disease-suppressive Pseudomonas strains. In a follow-up in vivo and greenhouse experiment, we revealed that microbial consortia of culturable Pseudomonas strains P8 and S25 (or S36), isolated from banana plantlet rhizosphere and roots, respectively, significantly suppressed the survival of pathogens in the soil, manipulated the soil microbiome, and stimulated indigenous beneficial microbes. Overall, our study demonstrated that root-associated microbiomes, especially the antagonistic Pseudomonas sp. components, contribute markedly to soil suppression of banana Fusarium wilt. IMPORTANCE Soil suppression of Fusarium wilt disease has been proven to be linked with the local microbial community. However, the contribution of endophytic microbes to disease suppression in wilt-suppressive soils remains unclear. Moreover, the key microbes involving in Fusarium wilt-suppressive soils and in the endophytic populations have not been fully characterized. In this study, we demonstrate that root-associated microbes play vitally important roles in disease suppression. Root-associated Pseudomonas consortia were recognized as a key component in inhibiting pathogen abundance associated with the host banana plants. This finding is crucial to developing alternate strategies for soilborne disease management by harnessing the plant microbiome.
PMID: 36786644
Chemosphere , IF:7.086 , 2023 Mar , V326 : P138394 doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138394
Waste valorization as low-cost media engineering for auxin production from the newly isolated Streptomyces rubrogriseus AW22: Model development.
Laboratory of Mycology, Biotechnology and Microbial Activity (LaMyBAM), Department of Applied Biology, Constantine 1 University, BP, 325, Ain El Bey, Constantine, 25017, Algeria. Electronic address: wiemalloun@gmail.com.; Biotechnology Laboratory, National Higher School of Biotechnology, Ali Mendjeli University City, BP E66, 25100, Constantine, Algeria. Electronic address: m.berkani@ensbiotech.edu.dz.; Pharmaceutical Research and Sustainable Development Laboratory (ReMeDD), Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Process Engineering, Constantine 3 University, Constantine, 25000, Algeria.; 3BIO-BioMatter Unit, Ecole Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Universite Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50-CP 165/61, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.; Laboratory of Mycology, Biotechnology and Microbial Activity (LaMyBAM), Department of Applied Biology, Constantine 1 University, BP, 325, Ain El Bey, Constantine, 25017, Algeria.; The University of Johannesburg, Department of Chemical Engineering, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2088, South Africa. Electronic address: cmdanesh@gmail.com.; Biotechnology Laboratory, National Higher School of Biotechnology, Ali Mendjeli University City, BP E66, 25100, Constantine, Algeria; Research Center in Industrial Technologies CRTI, P.O. Box 64, Cheraga 16014, Algiers, Algeria.; Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) represents a crucial phytohormone regulating specific tropic responses in plants and functions as a chemical signal between plant hosts and their symbionts. The Actinobacteria strain of AW22 with high IAA production ability was isolated in Algeria for the first time and was characterized as Streptomyces rubrogriseus through chemotaxonomic analysis and 16 S rDNA sequence alignment. The suitable medium for a maximum IAA yield was engineered in vitro and in silico using machine learning-assisted modeling. The primary low-cost feedstocks comprised various concentrations of spent coffee grounds (SCGs) and carob bean grounds (CBGs) extracts. Further, we combined the Box-Behnken design from response surface methodology (BBD-RSM) with artificial neural networks (ANNs) coupled with the genetic algorithm (GA). The critical process parameters screened via Plackett-Burman design (PBD) served as BBD and ANN-GA inputs, with IAA yield as the output variable. Analysis of the putative IAA using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and (HPLC) revealed Rf values equal to 0.69 and a retention time of 3.711 min, equivalent to the authentic IAA. AW 22 achieved a maximum IAA yield of 188.290 +/- 0.38 mug/mL using the process parameters generated by the ANN-GA model, consisting of L-Trp, 0.6%; SCG, 30%; T degrees , 25.8 degrees C; and pH 9, after eight days of incubation. An R(2) of 99.98%, adding to an MSE of 1.86 x 10(-5) at 129 epochs, postulated higher reliability of ANN-GA-approach in predicting responses, compared with BBD-RSM modeling exhibiting an R(2) of 76.28%. The validation experiments resulted in a 4.55-fold and 4.46-fold increase in IAA secretion, corresponding to ANN-GA and BBD-RSM models, respectively, confirming the validity of both models.
PMID: 36925000
Chemosphere , IF:7.086 , 2023 Feb , V313 : P137571 doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137571
Toxicity effects of nanoplastics on soybean (Glycine max L.): Mechanisms and transcriptomic analysis.
Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China.; Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China.; Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China. Electronic address: hanxuerong@jlau.edu.cn.; Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China. Electronic address: yuhw@iga.ac.cn.
Microplastic (MP) pollution has become a major concern in recent years. In agricultural production, MPs can not only affect the growth of crops but also affect yield. Compared with micron-sized MPs, nanoplastics (NPs) may be more harmful to plants. However, the effects of NPs on plant growth and development have attracted relatively little attention. As such, research has currently plateaued at the level of morphology and physiology, and the molecular mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, soybeans (Glycine max L.) were treated with polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) to observe phenotypic changes and measure the effects of PS-NPs on diverse aspects of soybeans. Compared to the control group, the soybean stem and root lengths were inhibited by 11.78% and 12.58%, respectively. The reactive oxygen species content and the antioxidant enzyme activities changed significantly (p < 0.05). The accumulation of manganese (Mn) and magnesium (Mg) in the roots revealed that root transmembrane transport was affected by PS-NPs stress. The content of salicylic acid 2-O-beta-glucoside was inhibited whereas the accumulation of l-tryptophan, the precursor of auxin synthesis, was significantly increased (p < 0.05) in leaves. Transcriptomic analysis showed that PS-NPs could affect soybean DNA repair, membrane protein transport, and hormone synthesis and response. This study revealed the toxicity of NPs to soybeans and that NPs affected a variety of biological processes through transcriptome and hormone metabolome analysis, which provides a theoretical basis to further study the molecular mechanism of the effects on plants.
PMID: 36535503
J Integr Plant Biol , IF:7.061 , 2023 Mar doi: 10.1111/jipb.13484
Auxin signaling module OsSK41-OsIAA10-OsARF regulates grain yield traits in rice.
State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.; Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.; College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.; Institute of Crop Breeding and Cultivation, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, China.; Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.; Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518100, China.
Auxin is an important phytohormone in plants, and auxin signaling pathways in rice play key roles in regulating its growth, development, and productivity. To investigate how rice grain yield traits are regulated by auxin signaling pathways and to facilitate their application in rice improvement, we validated the functional relationships among regulatory genes such as OsIAA10, OsSK41, and OsARF21 that are involved in one of the auxin (OsIAA10) signaling pathways. We assessed the phenotypic effects of these genes on several grain yield traits across two environments using knockout and/or overexpression transgenic lines. Based on the results, we constructed a model that showed how grain yield traits were regulated by OsIAA10 and OsTIR1, OsAFB2, and OsSK41 and OsmiR393 in the OsSK41-OsIAA10-OsARF module and by OsARF21 in the transcriptional regulation of downstream auxin response genes in the OsSK41-OsIAA10-OsARF module. The population genomic analyses revealed rich genetic diversity and the presence of major functional alleles at most of these loci in rice populations. The strong differentiation of many major alleles between Xian/indica and Geng/japonica subspecies and/or among modern varieties and landraces suggested that they contributed to improved productivity during evolution and breeding. We identified several important aspects associated with the genetic and molecular bases of rice grain and yield traits that were regulated by auxin signaling pathways. We also suggested rice auxin response factor (OsARF) activators as candidate target genes for improving specific target traits by overexpression and/or editing subspecies-specific alleles and by searching and pyramiding the 'best' gene allelic combinations at multiple regulatory genes in auxin signaling pathways in rice breeding programs. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
PMID: 36939166
J Integr Plant Biol , IF:7.061 , 2023 Mar doi: 10.1111/jipb.13473
An ARF24-ZmArf2 Module Influences Kernel Size in Different Maize Haplotypes.
College of Agronomy, Henan Maize Engineering Technology Joint Center, State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Longzi Lake Campus, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.; Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
Members of the ADP-ribosylation factor family, which are GTP-binding proteins, are involved in metabolite transport, cell division, and expansion. Although there has been a significant amount of research on small GTP-binding proteins, their roles and functions in regulating maize kernel size remain elusive. Here, we identified ZmArf2 as a maize ADP-ribosylation factor-like family member that is highly conserved during evolution. Maize zmarf2 mutants showed a characteristic smaller kernel size. Conversely, ZmArf2 overexpression increased maize kernel size. Furthermore, heterologous expression of ZmArf2 dramatically elevated Arabidopsis and yeast growth by promoting cell division. Using eQTL analysis, we determined that ZmArf2 expression levels in various lines were mainly associated with variation at the gene locus. The promoters of ZmArf2 genes could be divided into two types, pS and pL, that were significantly associated with both ZmArf2 expression levels and kernel size. In yeast one-hybrid screening, maize Auxin Response Factor 24 (ARF24) directly bound to the ZmArf2 promoter region and negatively regulated ZmArf2 expression. Notably, the pS and pL promoter types each contained an ARF24 binding element: an auxin response element (AuxRE) in pS and an auxin response region (AuxRR) in pL, respectively. ARF24 binding affinity to AuxRR was much higher compared to AuxRE. Overall, our results establish that the small G-protein ZmArf2 positively regulates maize kernel size and reveal the mechanism of its expression regulation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
PMID: 36866706
J Integr Plant Biol , IF:7.061 , 2023 Feb , V65 (2) : P324-342 doi: 10.1111/jipb.13441
To curve for survival: Apical hook development.
Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
Apical hook is a simple curved structure formed at the upper part of hypocotyls when dicot seeds germinate in darkness. The hook structure is transient but essential for seedlings' survival during soil emergence due to its efficient protection of the delicate shoot apex from mechanical injury. As a superb model system for studying plant differential growth, apical hook has fascinated botanists as early as the Darwin age, and significant advances have been achieved at both the morphological and molecular levels to understand how apical hook development is regulated. Here, we will mainly summarize the research progress at these two levels. We will also briefly compare the growth dynamics between apical hook and hypocotyl gravitropic bending at early seed germination phase, with the aim to deduce a certain consensus on their connections. Finally, we will outline the remaining questions and future research perspectives for apical hook development.
PMID: 36562414
J Integr Plant Biol , IF:7.061 , 2023 Mar , V65 (3) : P617-632 doi: 10.1111/jipb.13392
Advances in structure and function of auxin response factor in plants.
Key Laboratory of Herbage & Endemic Crop Biology of Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Herbage & Endemic Crop Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010000, China.; State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
Auxin is a crucial phytohormone that has various effects on the regulators of plant growth and development. Auxin signal transduction is mainly controlled by two gene families: auxin response factor (ARF) and auxin/indole-3-acetic acid (Aux/IAA). ARFs are plant-specific transcription factors that bind directly to auxin response elements in the promoters of auxin-responsive genes. ARF proteins contain three conserved regions: a conserved N-terminal B3 DNA-binding domain, a variable intermediate middle region domain that functions in activation or repression, and a C-terminal domain including the Phox and Bem1p region for dimerization, similar to the III and IV elements of Aux/IAA, which facilitate protein-protein interaction through homodimerization of ARF proteins or heterodimerization of ARF and Aux/IAA proteins. In the two decades following the identification of the first ARF, 23 ARF members have been identified and characterized in Arabidopsis. Using whole-genome sequencing, 22, 25, 23, 25, and 36 ARF genes have been identified in tomato, rice, wheat, sorghum, and maize, respectively, in addition to which the related biofunctions of some ARFs have been reported. ARFs play crucial roles in regulating the growth and development of roots, leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, and phytohormone signal crosstalk. In this review, we summarize the research progress on the structures and functions of ARFs in Arabidopsis, tomato, and cereal crops, to provide clues for future basic research on phytohormone signaling and the molecular design breeding of crops.
PMID: 36263892
J Exp Bot , IF:6.992 , 2023 Mar doi: 10.1093/jxb/erad091
Cytokinin signaling promotes root hair growth by directly regulating RSL4 expression.
Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan.; School of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan.; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.; Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 119-0033, Japan.; RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
Root hairs are single-celled tubular structures produced from the epidermis, which play an essential role in water and nutrient uptake from the soil. Therefore, root hair formation and elongation are controlled not only by developmental programs but also by environmental factors, enabling plants to survive under fluctuating conditions. Phytohormones are key signals that link environmental cues to developmental programs; indeed, root hair elongation is known to be controlled by auxin and ethylene. Another phytohormone, cytokinin, also affects root hair growth, while whether cytokinin is actively involved in root hair growth and, if so, how it regulates the signaling pathway governing root hair development have remained unknown. In this study, we show that the two-component system of cytokinin, which involves the B-type response regulators ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATOR 1 (ARR1) and ARR12, promotes the elongation process of root hairs. They directly upregulate ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE 6-LIKE 4 (RSL4) encoding a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor that plays a central role in root hair growth, whereas the ARR1/12-RSL4 pathway does not crosstalk with auxin or ethylene signaling. These results suggest that cytokinin signaling constitutes another input onto the regulatory module governed by RSL4, making it possible to fine-tune root hair growth in changing environments.
PMID: 36912789
J Exp Bot , IF:6.992 , 2023 Mar doi: 10.1093/jxb/erad094
Maize WRKY28 interacts with DELLA protein to affect skotomorphogenesis and participates in the regulation of shade avoidance and plant architecture.
State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.; Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
Competition for light from neighboring vegetation can trigger the shade avoidance response (SAR) in plants, which is detrimental to their yield. The molecular mechanisms regulating SAR are well established in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), and some skotomorphogenesis regulators have been found to be involved in the regulation of the SAR and plant architecture. However, the role of WRKY transcription factors in this process is rarely reported, especially in maize (Zea mays L.). Here, we report that maize zmwrky28 mutants exhibited shorter mesocotyls in etiolated seedlings. Molecular and biochemical analyses demonstrated that ZmWRKY28 directly binds to the promoter region of a SMALL AUXIN UP RNA (SAUR) gene ZmSAUR54 and a PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTORPIF gene ZmPIF4.1 to activate their expression. In addition, the maize DELLA protein DWARF PLANT8 (D8) interacts with ZmWRKY28 in the nucleus to inhibit its transcriptional activation activity. Our results also showed that ZmWRKY28 participates in the regulation of the SAR, plant height, leaf rolling and erectness in maize. Taken together, these results reveal that ZmWRKY28 is involved in GA-mediated skotomorphogenic development and can be used as a potential target to regulate SAR for breeding of high-density-tolerant cultivars.
PMID: 36884355
J Exp Bot , IF:6.992 , 2023 Mar doi: 10.1093/jxb/erad088
LONG HYPOCOTYL IN FAR-RED 1 mediates a trade-off between growth and defense under shade in Arabidopsis.
Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore.; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
Plants respond to vegetative shade with developmental and physiological changes that is collectively known as shade avoidance syndrome (SAS). Although LONG HYPOCOTYL IN FAR-RED 1 (HFR1) is known to be a negative regulator of SAS by forming heterodimers with other basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors to inhibit them, its function in genome-wide transcriptional regulation is not fully elucidated. Here, we performed RNA-sequencing analyses of hfr1-5 and HFR1 overexpression line (HFR1(DeltaN)-OE) to comprehensively identify HFR1-regulated genes at different time points of shade treatment. We found that HFR1 mediates the trade-off between shade-induced growth and shade-repressed defense, by regulating the expression of relevant genes in shade. Genes involved in promoting growth, such as for auxin biosynthesis, transport, signaling and response were induced by shade but suppressed by HFR1 at both short and long durations of shade. Likewise, most ethylene-related genes were shade-induced and HFR1-repressed. On the other hand, shade suppressed defense-related genes while HFR1 induced their expression, especially under long duration of shade treatment. We demonstrated that HFR1 confers increased resistance to bacterial infection under shade.
PMID: 36882154
J Exp Bot , IF:6.992 , 2023 Feb doi: 10.1093/jxb/erad058
The NIN-LIKE PROTEIN 7 (NLP7) transcription factor modulates auxin pathways to regulate root cap development.
Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.
The root cap is a small tissue located at the tip of the root with critical functions for root growth. Present in nearly all vascular plants, the root cap protects the root meristem, influences soil penetration, and perceives and transmits environmental signals that are critical for root branching patterns. To perform these functions, the root cap must remain a relatively stable size and must integrate endogenous developmental pathways with environmental signals, yet how it does so is not clear. We previously showed that low pH conditions alter root cap development, and these changes are mediated by the NIN LIKE PROTEIN 7 (NLP7) transcription factor, a master regulator of nitrate signaling. Here we show that NLP7 integrates nitrate signaling with auxin pathways to regulate root cap development. We find that low nitrate conditions promote aberrant release of root cap cells in Arabidopsis. Nitrate deficiency impacts auxin pathways in the last layer of the root cap, and this is mediated in part by NLP7. Mutations in NLP7 abolish the auxin minimum in the last layer of the root cap and alter root cap expression of the auxin carriers PIN-LIKES 3 (PILS3) and PIN-FORMED 7 (PIN7) as well as transcription factors that regulate PIN expression. Together, our data reveal NLP7 as a link between endogenous auxin pathways and nitrate signaling in the root cap.
PMID: 36787214
J Exp Bot , IF:6.992 , 2023 Feb doi: 10.1093/jxb/erad051
The wheat basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) protein TabHLH123 positively regulates the formation of crown root and associates with plant height and 1000-grain weight in wheat under various conditions.
National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.; College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030031, China.
Crown roots are the main components of the fibrous root system in cereal crops and play critical roles in plant adaptation. However, the molecular mechanisms of crown root formation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) have not been fully elucidated. Here, we identified a wheat basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) protein TabHLH123, which interacts with the essential regulator of crown root initiation, MORE ROOT in wheat (TaMOR). It is expressed highly in shoot bases and roots. Ectopic expression of TabHLH123 in rice exhibits more roots compared with wild type. TabHLH123 regulates the expression of genes controlling crown root development, auxin metabolism, response and transport. Moreover, we analyzed the nucleotide sequence polymorphisms of TabHLH123s in wheat genome. The superior haplotype of TabHLH123-6B with high root dry weight (RDW) and 1000-grain weight (TGW), and short plant height (PH) was identified. Our study highlights the role of TabHLH123 in regulating the crown root formation and puts a novel insight for molecular marker assisted breeding in wheat.
PMID: 36749713
J Exp Bot , IF:6.992 , 2023 Feb doi: 10.1093/jxb/erad048
Just enough fruit: understanding feedback mechanisms during sexual reproductive development.
Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, The Volcani Institute, Rishon Le'Zion 7528809, Israel.; School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds.; The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
The fruit and seed produced by a small number of crop plants provide the majority of food eaten across the world. Given the growing global population, there is a pressing need to increase yields of these crops without using more land or more chemical inputs. Many of these crops display prominent 'fruit-flowering feedbacks', in which fruit produced early in sexual reproductive development can inhibit the production of further fruit by a range of mechanisms. Understanding and over-coming these feedbacks thus presents a plausible route to increasing crop yields 'for free'. In this review, we define three key types of fruit-flowering feedback, and examine how frequent they are, and their effects on reproduction in a wide range of both wild and cultivated species. We then assess how these phenomenologically distinct phenomena might arise from conserved phytohormonal signalling events, particularly the export of auxin from growing organs. Finally, we offer some thoughts on the evolutionary basis for these self-limiting sexual reproductive patterns, and whether they are also present in the cereal crops that fundamentally underpin global diets.
PMID: 36724082
J Exp Bot , IF:6.992 , 2023 Feb , V74 (3) : P743-754 doi: 10.1093/jxb/erac443
Phytohormones in plant responses to boron deficiency and toxicity.
International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology & Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China.; Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia.; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia.; School of Biological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
Boron (B) is an essential element for plant growth. Many agricultural soils around the globe have either insufficient or excessive amounts of available B, with major implications for crop production. Understanding major limitations imposed by B nutritional disorders may allow breeding crops for improved B use efficiency as well as make them more resilient to excessive B, thus reducing yield penalties. It has become apparent that B-related physiological disorders are mediated in large part by their impact on plant hormone production and signaling. The aim of this review is to summarize current knowledge of the roles of hormones in plant responses to B and their impact on plant growth and development. The most significant effect of B deficiency is the inhibition of root elongation. Boron deficiency promotes the redistribution of auxin in the root elongation zone. Together with cytokinin signals and ethylene, this redistribution and modulation of auxin content triggers inhibition of the root cell elongation. Under B deficiency, root development is also regulated by brassinosteroids and jasmonic acid. Excess B can induce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Abscisic acid and salicylic acid are both produced in response to B toxicity, and both can induce the antioxidant defense system to detoxify ROS. Another adaptation to B toxicity involves changes in the expression levels and activity of aquaporins in roots, thus reducing the uptake of water and delivery of B into the transpiration stream. In addition, abscisic acid mediates stomatal closure to further limit transpiration and the consequent accumulation of B in leaves.
PMID: 36398724
J Exp Bot , IF:6.992 , 2023 Feb , V74 (4) : P1176-1185 doi: 10.1093/jxb/erac441
Jasmonate-regulated root growth inhibition and root hair elongation.
CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.; Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.; State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China.
The phytohormone jasmonate is an essential endogenous signal in the regulation of multiple plant processes for environmental adaptation, such as primary root growth inhibition and root hair elongation. Perception of environmental stresses promotes the accumulation of jasmonate, which is sensed by the CORONATINE INSENSITIVE1 (COI1)-JASMONATE ZIM-DOMAIN (JAZ) co-receptor, triggering the degradation of JAZ repressors and induction of transcriptional reprogramming. The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) subgroup IIIe transcription factors MYC2, MYC3, and MYC4 are the most extensively characterized JAZ-binding factors and together stimulate jasmonate-signaled primary root growth inhibition. Conversely, the bHLH subgroup IIId transcription factors (i.e. bHLH3 and bHLH17) physically associate with JAZ proteins and suppress jasmonate-induced root growth inhibition. For root hair development, JAZ proteins interact with and inhibit ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE 6 (RHD6) and RHD6 LIKE1 (RSL1) transcription factors to modulate jasmonate-enhanced root hair elongation. Moreover, jasmonate also interacts with other signaling pathways (such as ethylene and auxin) to regulate primary root growth and/or root hair elongation. Here, we review recent progress into jasmonate-mediated primary root growth and root hair development.
PMID: 36346644
J Exp Bot , IF:6.992 , 2023 Feb , V74 (3) : P931-944 doi: 10.1093/jxb/erac430
The locoweed endophyte Alternaria oxytropis affects root development in Arabidopsis in vitro through auxin signaling and polar transport.
Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.; Qinling National Botanical Garden, Xi'an 710404, China.; Shaanxi Institute for Food and Drug Control, Xi'an 710065, China.; Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.; National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China.; Institute of Biology, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3FL, UK.; Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of Ministry of Education, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China.
Locoweeds are leguminous forbs known for their toxicity to livestock caused by the endophytic fungi Alternaria sect. Undifilum. Unlike the defensive mutualisms reported in many toxin-producing endophytes and their plant hosts, the benefits that A. sect. Undifilum can confer to it host plants remains unclear. Here, we conducted physiological and genetic analyses to show that A. (sect. Undifilum) oxytropis influences growth, especially root development, in its locoweed host Oxytropis ochrocephala and Arabidopsis. The presence of A. oxytropis significantly decreased primary root length while increasing the numbers of lateral roots and root hairs, and increasing plant leaf area and fresh weight. The fungus also increased the concentrations of plant endogenous auxin, and the expression of key genes for auxin biosynthesis, signaling, and transport. These effects on root development were abolished in mutants deficient in auxin signaling and polar transport. Alternaria oxytropis down-regulated expression of PIN1 but increased expression of PIN2, PIN7, and AUX1, which might reflect alterations in the spatial accumulation of auxin responsible for the changes in root architecture. Plant growth was insensitive to A. oxytropis when naphthylphthalamic acid was applied. Our findings indicate a function of A. oxytropis in promoting the growth and development of Arabidopsis via the regulation of auxin, which in turn suggests a possible role in benefiting its locoweed hosts via a process independent of its toxin production.
PMID: 36306203
J Exp Bot , IF:6.992 , 2023 Feb , V74 (4) : P1186-1197 doi: 10.1093/jxb/erac251
Jasmonate action and crosstalk in flower development and fertility.
Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China.; Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China.; Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Weifang, Shandong, China.; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
Flower development and fertility are coordinately regulated by endogenous developmental signals, including the phytohormones jasmonates (JAs), auxin, and gibberellin, and environmental cues. JAs regulate stamen development and fertility under basal conditions, affect root growth and trichome formation under stress conditions, and control defense responses against insect herbivores and pathogens. Since the 1990s, an increasing number of studies have revealed the essential roles of JA biosynthesis, signaling, and crosstalk in regulation of flower development and fertility. Here, we summarize and present an updated overview of the JA pathway and its crosstalk in modulating flower/sexual organ development and fertility in Arabidopsis, tomato, rice, maize, and sorghum.
PMID: 35670512
J Exp Bot , IF:6.992 , 2023 Feb , V74 (4) : P1198-1206 doi: 10.1093/jxb/erab508
Roles of the wound hormone jasmonate in plant regeneration.
National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.; Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.; National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China.; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.; College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China.; State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
Plants have remarkable abilities to regenerate in response to wounding. How wounding triggers rapid signal transduction to induce a cellular response is a key topic for understanding the molecular mechanism of plant regeneration. An increasing body of evidence indicates that jasmonate, a hormone that is produced rapidly in response to wounding, plays multiple roles in different plant regeneration processes. In this review, we summarize recent advances on the roles of jasmonate in tissue repair, the formation of wound-induced callus, de novo organ regeneration, and somatic embryogenesis. Physiological and molecular analyses indicate that jasmonate can regulate stem cell activities, cell proliferation, cell fate transition, and auxin production, thereby contributing to plant regeneration. In addition, jasmonate is strictly controlled in plant cells via restriction of the jasmonate concentration and its signalling pathway in a spatial and temporal manner during regeneration. Overall, jasmonate acts as the hormone linking wounding to distinct types of regeneration in plants.
PMID: 34966932
Int J Biol Macromol , IF:6.953 , 2023 Mar , V237 : P124061 doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124061
Small Auxin Up RNA (SAUR) gene family identification and functional genes exploration during the floral organ and fruit developmental stages in pineapple (Ananas comosus L.) and its response to salinity and drought stresses.
College of Life Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.; Fishery Multiplication Management Station of Lijiang River Water Supply Hub Project, Guilin 541001, China.; College of Life Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Pingtan Science and Technology Research Institute of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Pingtan 350400, China. Electronic address: yuanqin@fafu.edu.cn.; College of Life Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China. Electronic address: xpniu0613@126.com.
In plants, sexual reproduction relies on the proper development of floral organs that facilitate the successful development of fruits and seeds. Auxin responsive small auxin-up RNA (SAUR) genes play essential roles in floral organ formation and fruit development. However, little is known about the role of SAUR genes in pineapple floral organ formation and fruit development as well as stress responses. In this study, based on genome information and transcriptome datasets, 52 AcoSAUR genes were identified and grouped into 12 groups. The gene structure analysis revealed that most AcoSAUR genes did not have introns, although auxin-acting elements were abundant in the promoter region of AcoSAUR members. The expression analysis across the multiple flower and fruit development stages revealed differential expression of AcoSAUR genes, indicating a tissue and stage-specific function of AcoSAURs. Correlation analysis and pairwise comparisons between gene expression and tissue specificity identified stamen-, petal-, ovule-, and fruit-specific AcoSAURs involved in pineapple floral organs (AcoSAUR4/5/15/17/19) and fruit development (AcoSAUR6/11/36/50). RT-qPCR analysis revealed that AcoSAUR12/24/50 played positive roles in response to the salinity and drought treatment. This work provides an abundant genomic resource for functional analysis of AcoSAUR genes during the pineapple floral organs and fruit development stages. It also highlights the role of auxin signaling involved in pineapple reproductive organ growth.
PMID: 36933586
Int J Biol Macromol , IF:6.953 , 2023 Apr , V234 : P123671 doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123671
Phylogeny, transcriptional profile, and auxin-induced phosphorylation modification characteristics of conserved PIN proteins in Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis).
Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China.; Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China. Electronic address: gaojianicbr@163.com.
Auxin polar transport is an important way for auxin to exercise its function, and auxin plays an irreplaceable role in the rapid growth of Moso bamboo. We identified and performed the structural analysis of PIN-FORMED auxin efflux carriers in Moso bamboo and obtained a total of 23 PhePIN genes from five gene subfamilies. We also performed chromosome localization and intra- and inter-species synthesis analysis. Phylogenetic analyses of 216 PIN genes showed that PIN genes are relatively conserved in the evolution of the Bambusoideae and have undergone intra-family segment replication in Moso bamboo. The PIN genes' transcriptional patterns showed that the PIN1 subfamily plays a major regulatory role. PIN genes and auxin biosynthesis maintain a high degree of consistency in spatial and temporal distribution. Phosphoproteomics analysis identified many phosphorylated protein kinases that respond to auxin regulation through autophosphorylation and phosphorylation of PIN proteins. The protein interaction network showed that there is a plant hormone interaction regulatory network with PIN protein as the core. We provide a comprehensive PIN protein analysis that complements the auxin regulatory pathway in Moso bamboo and paves the way for further auxin regulatory studies in bamboo.
PMID: 36801226
Int J Biol Macromol , IF:6.953 , 2023 Mar , V230 : P123165 doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123165
Gnawing pressure led to the expansion of JAZ genes in angiosperms.
Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Ministry of Water Resource, Yangling 712100, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.; Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.; Tasly R&D Institute, Tasly Holding Group Co. Ltd, Tianjin 300410, China; Tasly R&D Institute, State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300410, China.; Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China. Electronic address: xpg_xpg@zstu.edu.cn.; Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Ministry of Water Resource, Yangling 712100, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China. Electronic address: liangzs@zstu.edu.cn.
A long-standing problem in evolutionary biology is why some populations differentiate into many species while the majority do not. Angiosperms is an excellent group for investigating this problem because their diversity is unevenly distributed in space and phylogeny. Plant hormone participates in growth, development and defense. However, jasmonic acid (JA) was the only hormone response to bites. We first searched jasmonate ZIM-domain (JAZ), AUXIN/INDOLE ACETIC ACID (IAA / aux), PYR/PYL/RCAR (PYL), DELLA, and SUPPRESSOR OF MAX2 1-like (SMAX) in 272 plant species. We found the gene number change trends were consistent with origination rates and species numbers of angiosperms. So, 26 representative species were selected as an example for further analysis. The results showed JAZ had experienced two lineage-specific gene expansion events in angiosperms, which coincided with increases in mammalian body size and dental diversity. The proliferation of large herbivores as a results of mammalian prosperity after dinosaur extinction may be related to angiosperm evolution and bursting. The proliferation of large herbivores as the result of mammalian prosperity after the extinction of the dinosaurs was related to angiosperm evolution and bursting. Overall, our study uncovered a previously unknown co-evolution mechanism in terrestrial plants exposed to extreme environmental conditions.
PMID: 36623623
Int J Biol Macromol , IF:6.953 , 2023 Mar , V232 : P123081 doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.300
Genome wide analysis of BREVIS RADIX gene family from wheat (Triticum aestivum): A conserved gene family differentially regulated by hormones and abiotic stresses.
ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India; Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India.; ICAR-Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695017, India.; Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India.; ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India. Electronic address: Monika.Dalal@icar.gov.in.
BREVIS RADIX is a plant specific gene family with unique protein-protein interaction domain. It regulates developmental processes viz. root elongation and tiller angle which are pertinent for crop improvement. In the present study, five BRX family genes were identified in wheat genome and clustered into five sub-groups. Phylogenetic and synteny analyses revealed evolutionary conservation among BRX proteins from monocot species. Expression analyses showed abundance of TaBRXL1 transcripts in vegetative and reproductive tissues except flag leaf. TaBRXL2, TaBRXL3 and TaBRXL4 showed differential, tissue specific and lower level expression as compared to TaBRXL1. TaBRXL5-A expressed exclusively in stamens. TaBRXL1 was upregulated under biotic stresses while TaBRXL2 expression was enhanced under abiotic stresses. TaBRXL2 and TaBRXL3 were upregulated by ABA and IAA in roots. In shoot, TaBRXL2 was upregulated by ABA while TaBRXL3 and TaBRXL4 were upregulated by IAA. Expression levels, tissue specificity and response time under different conditions suggest distinct as well as overlapping functions of TaBRX genes. This was also evident from global co-expression network of these genes. Further, TaBRX proteins exhibited homotypic and heterotypic interactions which corroborated with the role of BRX domain in protein-protein interaction. This study provides leads for functional characterization of TaBRX genes.
PMID: 36592856
Int J Biol Macromol , IF:6.953 , 2023 Feb , V229 : P791-802 doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.230
Genome-wide identification and characterization of PIN-FORMED (PIN) and PIN-LIKES (PILS) gene family reveals their role in adventitious root development in tea nodal cutting (Camellia Sinensis).
International Institute of Tea Industry Innovation for "the Belt and Road", Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China.; College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China.; Department of Biotechnology, PSG College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore 14, Tamilnadu, India.; International Institute of Tea Industry Innovation for "the Belt and Road", Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China. Electronic address: lxh@njau.edu.cn.
Auxin affects all aspects of plant growth and development, including morphogenesis and adaptive responses. Auxin transmembrane transport is promoted by PIN formation (PIN) and a structurally similar PIN-like (PILS) gene family, which jointly controls the directional transport of the auxin between plant cells, and the accumulation of intracellular auxin. At present, there is no study investigating the roles of CslPIN and CslPILS gene family in root development in the tea plant (Camellia sinensis). In this study, 8 CslPIN and 10 CslPILS genes were identified in the tea plant, and their evolutionary relationships, physical and chemical properties, conserved motifs, cis-acting elements, chromosome location, collinearity, and expression characteristics were analyzed. The mechanism of CslPIN and CslPILS in the formation of tea adventitious roots (ARs) was studied by the AR induction system. Through functional verification, the regulation of CslPIN3 gene on root growth and development of tea plant was studied by over-expression of CslPIN3 in Arabidopsis thaliana and in situ hybridization in Camellia sinensis. The results confirmed CslPIN3 was involved in the regulation of root growth and development as well as auxin accumulation. This study provides a better insight into the regulatory mechanism of CslPIN and CslPILS gene family on the formation of AR in tea plant.
PMID: 36572081
Int J Biol Macromol , IF:6.953 , 2023 Feb , V227 : P285-296 doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.175
Genome-wide evolutionary analysis of AUX/IAA gene family in wheat identifies a novel gene TaIAA15-1A regulating flowering time by interacting with ARF.
College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, PR China. Electronic address: pssu2014@163.com.; College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, PR China.; Lianyungang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lianyungang 222000, PR China.; Key Laboratory of Huang-Huai-Hai Smart Agricultural Technology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China. Electronic address: xinsinian2006@163.com.; College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, PR China. Electronic address: guoshangjing@lcu.edu.cn.
Flowering time is a critical agronomic trait that has strong effects on crop yields. Auxin signaling pathway plays an important role in various development processes, such as flowering, grain development. However, no Aux/IAA gene had been reported to have functions involving in wheat flowering time. Here, we systematically performed genome-wide identification, classification, domain distribution, exon-intron structure, chromosome locations and global expression pattern of Aux/IAA gene family in 14 plant genomes (including Triticum aestivum). A phylogenetic model was proposed to infer the Aux/IAA evolutionary history involving in a central exon-intron structure "2121" during evolution. Overexpression of TaIAA15-1A caused an early flowering time in Brachypodium. RNA-seq analysis showed that TaIAA15-1A overexpression alters various pathways including phytohormone signaling pathway, flowering-related pathway, and polyamine biosynthesis pathway. Screening of auxin response factor (ARF) genes identified BdARF16 that interacted with TaIAA15-1A. Exogenous polyamine (spermidine and spermine) treatments promoted early flowering and (putrescine and DCHA) delayed flowering time of WT plants. Our finding will provide insights on mechanisms of Aux/IAAs gene family and TaIAA15-1A, illustrating the potential during crop improvement programs.
PMID: 36549029
Development , IF:6.868 , 2023 Mar , V150 (6) doi: 10.1242/dev.201209
Diverse branching forms regulated by a core auxin transport mechanism in plants.
School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK.
Diverse branching forms have evolved multiple times across the tree of life to facilitate resource acquisition and exchange with the environment. In the vascular plant group, the ancestral pattern of branching involves dichotomy of a parent shoot apex to form two new daughter apices. The molecular basis of axillary branching in Arabidopsis is well understood, but few regulators of dichotomous branching are known. Through analyses of dichotomous branching in the lycophyte, Selaginella kraussiana, we identify PIN-mediated auxin transport as an ancestral branch regulator of vascular plants. We show that short-range auxin transport out of the apices promotes dichotomy and that branch dominance is globally coordinated by long-range auxin transport. Uniquely in Selaginella, angle meristems initiate at each dichotomy, and these can develop into rhizophores or branching angle shoots. We show that long-range auxin transport and a transitory drop in PIN expression are involved in angle shoot development. We conclude that PIN-mediated auxin transport is an ancestral mechanism for vascular plant branching that was independently recruited into Selaginella angle shoot development and seed plant axillary branching during evolution.
PMID: 36919845
Development , IF:6.868 , 2023 Mar , V150 (5) doi: 10.1242/dev.200879
Developmental trajectory of pluripotent stem cell establishment in Arabidopsis callus guided by a quiescent center-related gene network.
National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China.; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
In plant tissue culture, callus formation is induced by a high auxin concentration. Among the three cell layers (the outer, middle and inner cell layers) of the callus, pluripotency acquisition in the middle cell layer is required for the potential ability of the callus to regenerate organs. Here, we reveal the developmental trajectory of middle cell layer initiation and maintenance in callus tissue originating from Arabidopsis thaliana hypocotyls. The S phase of the cell cycle is essential for the expression of quiescent center-related SCARECROW (SCR), PLETHORA1 (PLT1) and WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX5 (WOX5) genes during the division of callus founder cells to initiate the callus primordium. After callus initiation, SHOOT-ROOT (SHR) proteins move from the inner to the middle cell layer and act together with SCR to promote the expression of PLT1 and WOX5. WOX5 represses the expression of VASCULAR-RELATED NAC-DOMAIN (VND) genes, thereby preventing callus tissue from differentiating into xylem cells. PLT1 and PLT2 directly activate JACKDAW (JKD), which is necessary for pluripotency acquisition in the middle cell layer. We hypothesize that the middle cell layer could have pluripotent stem cell activity and its establishment requires the quiescent center-related SCR-SHR-WOX5-PLT1/2-JKD gene network.
PMID: 36762604
Hortic Res , IF:6.793 , 2023 Feb , V10 (2) : Puhac267 doi: 10.1093/hr/uhac267
Theanine, a tea-plant-specific non-proteinogenic amino acid, is involved in the regulation of lateral root development in response to nitrogen status.
State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.; State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
Glutamine synthetase type I (GSI)-like proteins are proposed to mediate nitrogen signaling and developmental fate by synthesizing yet unidentified metabolites. Theanine, the most abundant non-proteinogenic amino acid in tea plants, is the first identified metabolite synthesized by a GSI-like protein (CsTSI) in a living system. However, the roles of theanine in nitrogen signaling and development are little understood. In this study we found that nitrogen deficiency significantly reduced theanine accumulation and increased lateral root development in tea plant seedlings. Exogenous theanine feeding significantly repressed lateral root development of seedlings of tea plants and the model plant Arabidopsis. The transcriptomic analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes in the roots under theanine feeding were enriched in the apoplastic pathway and H(2)O(2) metabolism. Consistently, theanine feeding reduced H(2)O(2) levels in the roots. Importantly, when co-treated with H(2)O(2), theanine abolished the promoting effect of H(2)O(2) on lateral root development in both tea plant and Arabidopsis seedlings. The results of histochemical assays confirmed that theanine inhibited reactive oxygen species accumulation in the roots. Further transcriptomic analyses suggested the expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in H(2)O(2) generation and scavenging was down- and upregulated by theanine, respectively. Moreover, the expression of genes involved in auxin metabolism and signaling, cell division, and cell expansion was also regulated by theanine. Collectively, these results suggested that CsTSI-synthesized theanine is likely involved in the regulation of lateral root development, via modulating H(2)O(2) accumulation, in response to nitrogen levels in tea plants. This study also implied that the module consisting of GSI-like protein and theanine-like metabolite is probably conserved in regulating development in response to nitrogen status in plant species.
PMID: 36778187
Hortic Res , IF:6.793 , 2023 Feb , V10 (2) : Puhac258 doi: 10.1093/hr/uhac258
Overexpression of miR390b promotes stem elongation and height growth in Populus.
Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.; Poplar Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.; Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
MicroRNA390 (miR390) is involved in plant growth and development by down-regulating the expression of the downstream genes trans-acting short interfering RNA3 (TAS3) and AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORs (ARFs). There is a scarcity of research on the involvement of the miR390-TAS3-ARFs pathway in the stem development of Populus. Here, differentially expressed miRNAs during poplar stem development were screened by small RNA sequencing analysis, and a novel function of miR390b in stem development was revealed. Overexpression of miR390b (OE-miR390b) resulted in a large increase in the number of xylem fiber cells and a slight decrease in the cell length at the longitudinal axis. Overall increases in stem elongation and plant height were observed in the OE-miR390b plants. According to transcriptome sequencing results and transient co-expression analysis, TAS3.1 and TAS3.2 were identified as the target genes of miR390 in poplar and were negatively regulated by miR390 in the apex. The transcription levels of ARF3.2 and ARF4 were significantly repressed in OE-miR390b plants and strongly negatively correlated with the number of xylem fiber cells along the longitudinal axis. These findings indicate that the conserved miR390-TAS3-ARFs pathway in poplar is involved in stem elongation and plant height growth.
PMID: 36778185
J Environ Manage , IF:6.789 , 2023 Mar , V337 : P117723 doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117723
Integrated biochemical and transcriptomic analysis reveals the effects of Burkholderia sp. SRB-1 on cadmium accumulating in Chrysopogon zizanioides L. under Cd stress.
Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, PR China.; College of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.; Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066, China.; Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment Protection, Soil Ecological Protection and Pollution Control, Sichuan University & Department of Ecology and Environment of Sichuan, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, PR China. Electronic address: xuheng64@sina.com.
Application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria plays a vital role in enhancing phytoremediation efficiency. In this study, multiple approaches were employed to investigate the underlying mechanisms of Burkholderia sp. SRB-1 (SRB-1) on elevating Cd uptake and accumulation. Inoculation experiment indicated that SRB-1 could facilitate plant growth and Cd tolerance, as evidenced by the enhanced plant biomass and antioxidative enzymes activities. Cd content in plant shoots and roots increased about 36.56%-39.66% and 25.97%-130.47% assisted with SRB-1 when compared with control. Transcriptomics analysis revealed that SRB-1 upregulated expression of amiE, AAO1-2 and GA2-ox related to auxin and gibberellin biosynthesis in roots. Auxin and gibberellin, as hormone signals, regulated plant Cd tolerance and growth through activating hormone signal transduction pathways, which might also contribute to 67.94% increase of dry weight. The higher expression levels of ATP-binding cassette transporter subfamilies (ABCB, ABCC, ABCD and ABCG) in Chrysopogon zizanioides roots contributed to higher Cd uptake in Cd15 B (323.83 mg kg(-1)) than Cd15 (136.28 mg kg(-1)). Further, SRB-1 facilitated Cd migration from roots to shoots via upregulating the expression of Nramp, ZIP and HMA families. Our integrative analysis provided a molecular-scale perspective on Burkholderia sp. SRB-1 contributing to C. zizanioides performance.
PMID: 36958280
Front Cell Dev Biol , IF:6.684 , 2023 , V11 : P987153 doi: 10.3389/fcell.2023.987153
EWSR1 prevents the induction of aneuploidy through direct regulation of Aurora B.
Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States.
EWSR1 (Ewing sarcoma breakpoint region 1) was originally identified as a part of an aberrant EWSR1/FLI1 fusion gene in Ewing sarcoma, the second most common pediatric bone cancer. Due to formation of the EWSR1/FLI1 fusion gene in the tumor genome, the cell loses one wild type EWSR1 allele. Our previous study demonstrated that the loss of ewsr1a (homologue of human EWSR1) in zebrafish leads to the high incidence of mitotic dysfunction, of aneuploidy, and of tumorigenesis in the tp53 mutant background. To dissect the molecular function of EWSR1, we successfully established a stable DLD-1 cell line that enables a conditional knockdown of EWSR1 using an Auxin Inducible Degron (AID) system. When both EWSR1 genes of DLD-1 cell were tagged with mini-AID at its 5'-end using a CRISPR/Cas9 system, treatment of the (AID-EWSR1/AID-EWSR1) DLD-1 cells with a plant-based Auxin (AUX) led to the significant levels of degradation of AID-EWSR1 proteins. During anaphase, the EWSR1 knockdown (AUX+) cells displayed higher incidence of lagging chromosomes compared to the control (AUX-) cells. This defect was proceeded by a lower incidence of the localization of Aurora B at inner centromeres, and by a higher incidence of the protein at Kinetochore proximal centromere compared to the control cells during pro/metaphase. Despite these defects, the EWSR1 knockdown cells did not undergo mitotic arrest, suggesting that the cell lacks the error correction mechanism. Significantly, the EWSR1 knockdown (AUX+) cells induced higher incidence of aneuploidy compared to the control (AUX-) cells. Since our previous study demonstrated that EWSR1 interacts with the key mitotic kinase, Aurora B, we generated replacement lines of EWSR1-mCherry and EWSR1:R565A-mCherry (a mutant that has low affinity for Aurora B) in the (AID-EWSR1/AID-EWSR1) DLD-1 cells. The EWSR1-mCherry rescued the high incidence of aneuploidy of EWSR1 knockdown cells, whereas EWSR1-mCherry:R565A failed to rescue the phenotype. Together, we demonstrate that EWSR1 prevents the induction of lagging chromosomes, and of aneuploidy through the interaction with Aurora B.
PMID: 36875767
Plant J , IF:6.417 , 2023 Mar doi: 10.1111/tpj.16198
Hydrogen sulfide alleviates osmotic stress-induced root growth inhibition by promoting auxin homeostasis.
State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
Hydrogen sulfide (H(2) S) promotes plant tolerance against various environmental cues, and D-cysteine desulfhydrase (DCD) is an enzymatic source of H(2) S to enhance abiotic stress resistance. However, the role of DCD-mediated H(2) S production in root growth under abiotic stress remains to be further elucidated. Here, we reported that DCD-mediated H(2) S production alleviates osmotic stress-mediated root growth inhibition via promoting auxin homeostasis. Osmotic stress up-regulated DCD gene transcript and DCD protein levels, thus H(2) S production in roots. When subjected to osmotic stress, a dcd mutant showed more severe root growth inhibition, whereas the transgenic lines DCDox overexpressing DCD exhibited less sensitivity to osmotic stress in terms of longer root compared with the wild type. Moreover, osmotic stress inhibited root growth through repressing auxin signaling, but H(2) S treatment significantly alleviated osmotic stress-mediated inhibition of auxin. Under osmotic stress, auxin accumulation was increased in DCDox but decreased in dcd mutant. H(2) S promoted auxin biosynthesis genes expressions and auxin efflux carrier PIN-FORMED 1 (PIN1) protein level under osmotic stress. Together, our results revealed that mannitol-induced DCD and H(2) S in roots promote auxin homeostasis, contributing to alleviating the inhibition of root growth under osmotic stress.
PMID: 36948886
Plant J , IF:6.417 , 2023 Mar doi: 10.1111/tpj.16196
The AtERF19 gene regulates meristem activity and flower organ size in plants.
Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, ROC, Taichung, Taiwan, 40227.; Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, ROC, Taichung, Taiwan, 40227.
Ethylene-responsive factors (ERFs) have diverse functions in regulating various plant developmental processes. Here, we demonstrate the dual roles of an Arabidopsis ERF gene, AtERF19, in regulating reproductive meristem activity and flower organ size through the regulation of the genes involved in CLAVATA-WUSCHEL and auxin signaling, respectively. We found that AtERF19 stimulated the formation of flower primordia and controlled the number of flowers produced by activating WUSCHEL (WUS) and was negatively regulated by CLAVATA3 (CLV3). 35S::AtERF19 produced significantly more flowers, whereas 35S::AtERF19+SRDX dominant-negative mutants produced fewer flowers. In addition, AtERF19 also functioned to control flower organ size by promoting the division/expansion of the cells through activating the Small Auxin Up RNA Gene 32 (SAUR32), which positively regulated MYB21/24 in the auxin signaling pathway. 35S::AtERF19 and 35S::SAUR32 produced similarly larger flowers, whereas 35S::AtERF19+SRDX and 35S::SAUR32-RNAi mutants produced smaller flowers than the wild type. The functions of AtERF19 were further verified by the production of similarly more and larger flowers than wild-type plants in 35S::AtERF19 transgenic tobacco and in transgenic Arabidopsis which ectopically expressed the orchid PaERF19. These findings of AtERF19 regulating genes involved in both CLAVATA-WUSCHEL and auxin signaling during flower development significantly expand the current knowledge behind the multifunctional evolution of ERF genes in plants.
PMID: 36932949
Plant J , IF:6.417 , 2023 Feb doi: 10.1111/tpj.16166
FaMYB123 interacts with FabHLH3 to regulate the late steps of anthocyanin and flavonol biosynthesis during ripening.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus de Rabanales, E-14014, Cordoba, Spain.; Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muhlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.; Department of Agricultural Chemistry, University of Cordoba, Edificio Marie Curie, Campus de Rabanales, E-14014, Cordoba, Spain.; Department of Plant Biology, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea La Mayora, University of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos, E-29071, Malaga, Spain.; Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University, Tubingen, Germany.; Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Ruski Blvd. 139, Plovdiv, 4000, Bulgaria.
In this work, we identified and functionally characterized the strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) R2R3 MYB transcription factor FaMYB123. As in most genes associated with organoleptic properties of ripe fruit, FaMYB123 expression is ripening-related, receptacle-specific, and antagonistically regulated by ABA and auxin. Knockdown of FaMYB123 expression by RNAi in ripe strawberry fruit receptacles downregulated the expression of enzymes involved in the late steps of anthocyanin/flavonoid biosynthesis. Transgenic fruits showed a parallel decrease in the contents of total anthocyanin and flavonoid, especially malonyl derivatives of pelargonidin and cyanidins. The decrease was concomitant with accumulation of proanthocyanin, propelargonidins, and other condensed tannins associated mainly with green receptacles. Potential coregulation between FaMYB123 and FaMYB10, which may act on different sets of genes for the enzymes involved in anthocyanin production, was explored. FaMYB123 and FabHLH3 were found to interact and to be involved in the transcriptional activation of FaMT1, a gene responsible for the malonylation of anthocyanin components during ripening. Taken together, these results demonstrate that FaMYB123 regulates the late steps of the flavonoid pathway in a specific manner. In this study, a new function for an R2R3 MYB transcription factor, regulating the expression of a gene that encodes a malonyltransferase, has been elucidated.
PMID: 36840368
Plant J , IF:6.417 , 2023 Apr , V114 (1) : P176-192 doi: 10.1111/tpj.16129
Boron supply restores aluminum-blocked auxin transport by the modulation of PIN2 trafficking in the root apical transition zone.
National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.; International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology and Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China.; Microelement Research Center/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.; Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, D-53115, Bonn, Germany.; State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Nanjing, 210008, China.; Tasmanian Institute for Agriculture, College of Science and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia.; School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia.
The supply of boron (B) alleviates the toxic effects of aluminum (Al) on root growth; however, the mechanistic basis of this process remains elusive. This study filled this knowledge gap, demonstrating that boron modifies auxin distribution and transport in Al-exposed Arabidopsis roots. In B-deprived roots, treatment with Al induced an increase in auxin content in the root apical meristem zone (MZ) and transition zone (TZ), whereas in the elongation zone (EZ) the auxin content was decreased beyond the level required for adequate growth. These distribution patterns are explained by the fact that basipetal auxin transport from the TZ to the EZ was disrupted by Al-inhibited PIN-FORMED 2 (PIN2) endocytosis. Experiments involving the modulation of protein biosynthesis by cycloheximide (CHX) and transcriptional regulation by cordycepin (COR) demonstrated that the Al-induced increase of PIN2 membrane proteins was dependent upon the inhibition of PIN2 endocytosis, rather than on the transcriptional regulation of the PIN2 gene. Experiments reporting on the profiling of Al(3+) and PIN2 proteins revealed that the inhibition of endocytosis of PIN2 proteins was the result of Al-induced limitation of the fluidity of the plasma membrane. The supply of B mediated the turnover of PIN2 endosomes conjugated with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and thus restored the Al-induced inhibition of IAA transport through the TZ to the EZ. Overall, the reported results demonstrate that boron supply mediates PIN2 endosome-based auxin transport to alleviate Al toxicity in plant roots.
PMID: 36721978
Plant J , IF:6.417 , 2023 Apr , V114 (1) : P83-95 doi: 10.1111/tpj.16118
Role of reactive oxygen species in the modulation of auxin flux and root development in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology II/Molecular Plant Physiology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.; Instituto de Bioingenieria, Universidad Miguel Hernandez, 03202, Elche, Spain.; Centre for BioSystems Analysis, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street 61, Tai'an, 271018, China.; ScreenSYS GmbH, Engesserstr. 4, Freiburg, 79108, Germany.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a dual role in plant biology, acting as important signal transduction molecules and as toxic byproducts of aerobic metabolism that accumulate in cells upon exposure to different stressors and lead to cell death. In plants, root architecture is regulated by the distribution and intercellular flow of the phytohormone auxin. In this study, we identified ROS as an important modulator of auxin distribution and response in the root. ROS production is necessary for root growth, proper tissue patterning, cell growth, and lateral root (LR) induction. Alterations in ROS balance led to altered auxin distribution and response in SOD and RHD2 loss-of-function mutants. Treatment of Arabidopsis seedlings with additional sources of ROS (hydrogen peroxide) or an ROS production inhibitor (diphenylene iodonium) induced phenocopies of the mutants studied. Simultaneous application of auxin and ROS increased LR primordia induction, and PIN-FORMED protein immunolocalization further demonstrated the existing link between auxin and ROS in orchestrating cell division and auxin flux during root development. In Arabidopsis roots, genetic alterations in ROS balance led to defective auxin distribution and growth-related responses in roots. Exogenous hydrogen peroxide alters the establishment of the endogenous auxin gradient in the root meristem through regulation of PIN-FORMED polarity, while the simultaneous application of hydrogen peroxide and auxin enhanced LR induction in a dose- and position-dependent manner through activation of cell division.
PMID: 36700340
Plant J , IF:6.417 , 2023 Mar , V113 (6) : P1259-1277 doi: 10.1111/tpj.16109
Biosynthesis- and transport-mediated dynamic auxin distribution during seed development controls seed size in Arabidopsis.
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
Auxin is indispensable to the fertilization-induced coordinated development of the embryo, endosperm, and seed coat. However, little attention has been given to the distribution pattern, maintenance mechanism, and function of auxin throughout the process of seed development. In the present study, we found that auxin response signals display a dynamic distribution pattern during Arabidopsis seed development. Shortly after fertilization, strong auxin response signals were observed at the funiculus, chalaza, and micropylar integument where the embryo attaches. Later, additional signals appeared at the middle layer of the inner integument (ii1') above the chalaza and the whole inner layer of the outer integument (oi1). These signals peaked when the seed was mature, then declined upon desiccation and disappeared in the dried seed. Auxin biosynthesis genes, including ASB1, TAA1, YUC1, YUC4, YUC8, and YUC9, contributed to the accumulation of auxin in the funiculus and seed coat. Auxin efflux carrier PIN3 and influx carrier AUX1 also contributed to the polar auxin distribution in the seed coat. PIN3 was expressed in the ii1 (innermost layer of the inner integument) and oi1 layers of the integument and showed polar localization. AUX1 was expressed in both layers of the outer integument and the endosperm and displayed a uniform localization. Further research demonstrated that the accumulation of auxin in the seed coat regulates seed size. Transgenic plants that specifically express the YUC8 gene in the oi2 or ii1 seed coat produced larger seeds. These results provide useful tools for cultivating high-yielding crops.
PMID: 36648165
Plant J , IF:6.417 , 2023 Mar , V113 (6) : P1176-1191 doi: 10.1111/tpj.16103
CLE3 and its homologs share overlapping functions in the modulation of lateral root formation through CLV1 and BAM1 in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan.; Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.; International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan.; International Research Center for Agriculture and Environmental Biology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan.
Lateral roots are important for a wide range of processes, including uptake of water and nutrients. The CLAVATA3 (CLV3)/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-RELATED (CLE) 1 ~ 7 peptide family and their cognate receptor CLV1 have been shown to negatively regulate lateral root formation under low-nitrate conditions. However, little is known about how CLE signaling regulates lateral root formation. A persistent obstacle in CLE peptide research is their functional redundancies, which makes functional analyses difficult. To address this problem, we generate the cle1 ~ 7 septuple mutant (cle1 ~ 7-cr1, cr stands for mutant allele generated with CRISPR/Cas9). cle1 ~ 7-cr1 exhibits longer lateral roots under normal conditions. Specifically, in cle1 ~ 7-cr1, the lateral root density is increased, and lateral root primordia initiation is found to be accelerated. Further analysis shows that cle3 single mutant exhibits slightly longer lateral roots. On the other hand, plants that overexpress CLE2 and CLE3 exhibit decreased lateral root lengths. To explore cognate receptor(s) of CLE2 and CLE3, we analyze lateral root lengths in clv1 barely any meristem 1(bam1) double mutant. Mutating both the CLV1 and BAM1 causes longer lateral roots, but not in each single mutant. In addition, genetic analysis reveals that CLV1 and BAM1 are epistatic to CLE2 and CLE3. Furthermore, gene expression analysis shows that the LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN/ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2-LIKE (LBD/ASL) genes, which promote lateral root formation, are upregulated in cle1 ~ 7-cr1 and clv1 bam1. We therefore propose that CLE2 and CLE3 peptides are perceived by CLV1 and BAM1 to mediate lateral root formation through LBDs regulation.
PMID: 36628476
Plant J , IF:6.417 , 2023 Mar , V113 (5) : P986-1003 doi: 10.1111/tpj.16095
The Arabidopsis D27-LIKE1 is a cis/cis/trans-beta-carotene isomerase that contributes to Strigolactone biosynthesis and negatively impacts ABA level.
The BioActives Lab, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Jeddah, 23955, Saudi Arabia.; Plant Science Program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Jeddah, 23955, Saudi Arabia.; Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, 8XH2+XVP, Mecca, 24382, Saudi Arabia.; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Research and Development Centre, 32 Main Street, Kentville, NS, B4N 1J5, Canada.; The Laboratory of Plant Cell and Developmental Biology, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Jeddah, 23955, Saudi Arabia.
The enzyme DWARF27 (D27) catalyzes the reversible isomerization of all-trans- into 9-cis-beta-carotene, initiating strigolactone (SL) biosynthesis. Genomes of higher plants encode two D27-homologs, D27-like1 and -like2, with unknown functions. Here, we investigated the enzymatic activity and biological function of the Arabidopsis D27-like1. In vitro enzymatic assays and expression in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 revealed an unreported 13-cis/15-cis/9-cis- and a 9-cis/all-trans-beta-carotene isomerization. Although disruption of AtD27-like1 did not cause SL deficiency phenotypes, overexpression of AtD27-like1 in the d27 mutant restored the more-branching phenotype, indicating a contribution of AtD27-like1 to SL biosynthesis. Accordingly, generated d27 d27like1 double mutants showed a more pronounced branching phenotype compared to d27. The contribution of AtD27-like1 to SL biosynthesis is likely a result of its formation of 9-cis-beta-carotene that was present at higher levels in AtD27-like1 overexpressing lines. By contrast, AtD27-like1 expression correlated negatively with the content of 9-cis-violaxanthin, a precursor of ABA, in shoots. Consistently, ABA levels were higher in shoots and also in dry seeds of the d27like1 and d27 d27like1 mutants. Transgenic lines expressing GUS driven by the AtD27LIKE1 promoter and transcript analysis of hormone-treated Arabidopsis seedlings revealed that AtD27LIKE1 is expressed in different tissues and affects ABA and auxin. Taken together, our work reports a cis/cis-beta-carotene isomerase that affects the content of both cis-carotenoid-derived plant hormones, ABA and SLs.
PMID: 36602437
Plant J , IF:6.417 , 2023 Feb , V113 (4) : P851-865 doi: 10.1111/tpj.16089
The full-length Auxin Response Factor 8 isoform ARF8.1 controls pollen cell wall formation and directly regulates TDF1, AMS and MS188 expression.
Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sapienza Universita di Roma, 00185, Rome, Italy.; Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza Universita di Roma, 00185, Rome, Italy.; Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 13416-000, Piracicaba, Brazil.
Auxin Response Factor 8 plays a key role in late stamen development: its splice variants ARF8.4 and ARF8.2 control stamen elongation and anther dehiscence. Here, we characterized the role of ARF8 isoforms in pollen fertility. By phenotypic and ultrastructural analysis of arf8-7 mutant stamens, we found defects in pollen germination and viability caused by alterations in exine structure and pollen coat deposition. Furthermore, tapetum degeneration, a prerequisite for proper pollen wall formation, is delayed in arf8-7 anthers. In agreement, the genes encoding the transcription factors TDF1, AMS, MS188 and MS1, required for exine and pollen coat formation, and tapetum development, are downregulated in arf8-7 stamens. Consistently, the sporopollenin content is decreased, and the expression of sporopollenin synthesis/transport and pollen coat protein biosynthetic genes, regulated by AMS and MS188, is reduced. Inducible expression of the full-length isoform ARF8.1 in arf8-7 inflorescences complements the pollen (and tapetum) phenotype and restores the expression of the above transcription factors. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay revealed that ARF8.1 directly targets the promoters of TDF1, AMS and MS188. In conclusion, the ARF8.1 isoform controls pollen and tapetum development acting directly on the expression of TDF1, AMS and MS188, which belong to the pollen/tapetum genetic pathway.
PMID: 36597651
Plant J , IF:6.417 , 2023 Mar , V113 (5) : P969-985 doi: 10.1111/tpj.16093
Folate shapes plant root architecture by affecting auxin distribution.
Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, MOE, and Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (Central Region), MOA, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.; College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China.; Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.; College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China.
Folate (vitamin B9) is important for plant root development, but the mechanism is largely unknown. Here we characterized a root defective mutant, folb2, in Arabidopsis, which has severe developmental defects in the primary root. The root apical meristem of the folb2 mutant is impaired, and adventitious roots are frequently found at the root-hypocotyl junction. Positional cloning revealed that a 61-bp deletion is present in the predicted junction region of the promoter and the 5' untranslated region of AtFolB2, a gene encoding a dihydroneopterin aldolase that functions in folate biosynthesis. This mutation leads to a significant reduction in the transcript level of AtFolB2. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed that the contents of the selected folate compounds were decreased in folb2. Arabidopsis AtFolB2 knockdown lines phenocopy the folb2 mutant. On the other hand, the application of exogenous 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid could rescue the root phenotype of folb2, indicating that the root phenotype is indeed related to the folate level. Further analysis revealed that folate could promote rootward auxin transport through auxin transporters and that folate may affect particular auxin/indole-3-acetic acid proteins and auxin response factors. Our findings provide new insights into the important role of folic acid in shaping root structure.
PMID: 36587293
Antioxidants (Basel) , IF:6.312 , 2023 Feb , V12 (3) doi: 10.3390/antiox12030600
Bacterial Volatiles (mVOC) Emitted by the Phytopathogen Erwinia amylovora Promote Arabidopsis thaliana Growth and Oxidative Stress.
Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Quarello 15/a, 10135 Turin, Italy.; Research and Innovation Centre, Edmund Mach Foundation, Via Edmund Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all'Adige, Italy.; Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark.
Phytopathogens are well known for their devastating activity that causes worldwide significant crop losses. However, their exploitation for crop welfare is relatively unknown. Here, we show that the microbial volatile organic compound (mVOC) profile of the bacterial phytopathogen, Erwinia amylovora, enhances Arabidopsis thaliana shoot and root growth. GC-MS head-space analyses revealed the presence of typical microbial volatiles, including 1-nonanol and 1-dodecanol. E. amylovora mVOCs triggered early signaling events including plasma transmembrane potential Vm depolarization, cytosolic Ca(2+) fluctuation, K(+)-gated channel activity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) burst from few minutes to 16 h upon exposure. These early events were followed by the modulation of the expression of genes involved in plant growth and defense responses and responsive to phytohormones, including abscisic acid, gibberellin, and auxin (including the efflux carriers PIN1 and PIN3). When tested, synthetic 1-nonanol and 1-dodecanol induced root growth and modulated genes coding for ROS. Our results show that E. amylovora mVOCs affect A. thaliana growth through a cascade of early and late signaling events that involve phytohormones and ROS.
PMID: 36978848
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf , IF:6.291 , 2023 Mar , V255 : P114777 doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114777
Galactoglucomannan oligosaccharides alleviate cadmium toxicity by improving physiological processes in maize.
Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia.; Department of Botany, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Safarik University, Manesova 23, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia.; Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia. Electronic address: karin.kollarova@savba.sk.
Phosphate fertilisers and past mining activity are significant source of cadmium (Cd) pollution; thus, the concentration of Cd in agricultural soils has been substantially rising. Various substances have been tested for their potential to alleviate the toxicity of Cd and stimulate the accumulation of Cd in plant organs. This study brought new insight of the impact of galactoglucomannan oligosaccharides (GGMOs) on the maize plants grown under/in Cd stress. The application of GGMOs reduced concentration of Cd in the maize leaves and thus GGMOs increased their growth (by 24%), concentration of photosynthetic pigments (up to 39.4%), effective quantum yield of photosystem II (up to 29.6%), and net photosynthetic rate (up to 19.6%). The concentrations of stress markers increased in the Cd and Cd + GGMOs treatment; however, significantly lower concentration was detected in the Cd + GGMOs treatment (malondialdehyde by 21.7%, hydrogen peroxide by 13%). The concentration of auxin increased almost by two-fold in the Cd + GGMOs treatment compared to the Cd treatment. The recovered auxin level and enhanced nutrient uptake are proposed mechanisms of GGMOs' action during stress. GGMOs are molecules with biostimulant potential that could support vitality of maize plants in Cd stress.
PMID: 36931090
Int J Mol Sci , IF:5.923 , 2023 Mar , V24 (6) doi: 10.3390/ijms24065940
Genome-Wide Identification and Functional Analysis of the Roles of SAUR Gene Family Members in the Promotion of Cucumber Root Expansion.
Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
Auxin serves as an essential regulator of the expression of many different genes in plants, thereby regulating growth and development. The specific functional roles of members of the SAUR (small auxin-up RNA) auxin early response gene family in the development of cucumber plants, however, remain to be fully clarified. Here, 62 SAUR family genes were identified, followed by their classification into 7 groups that included several functionally associated cis-regulatory elements. Phylogenetic tree and chromosomal location-based analyses revealed a high degree of homology between two cucumber gene clusters and other plants in the Cucurbitaceae family. These findings, together with the results of an RNA-seq analysis, revealed high levels of CsSAUR31 expression within the root and male flower tissues. Plants overexpressing CsSAUR31 exhibited longer roots and hypocotyls. Together, these results provide a basis for further efforts to explore the roles that SAUR genes play in cucumber plants, while also expanding the pool of available genetic resources to guide research focused on plant growth and development.
PMID: 36983023
Int J Mol Sci , IF:5.923 , 2023 Mar , V24 (6) doi: 10.3390/ijms24065760
Genome-Wide Investigation and Co-Expression Network Analysis of SBT Family Gene in Gossypium.
State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China.
Subtilases (SBTs), which belong to the serine peptidases, control plant development by regulating cell wall properties and the activity of extracellular signaling molecules, and affect all stages of the life cycle, such as seed development and germination, and responses to biotic and abiotic environments. In this study, 146 Gossypium hirsutum, 138 Gossypium barbadense, 89 Gossypium arboreum and 84 Gossypium raimondii SBTs were identified and divided into six subfamilies. Cotton SBTs are unevenly distributed on chromosomes. Synteny analysis showed that the members of SBT1 and SBT4 were expanded in cotton compared to Arabidopsis thaliana. Co-expression network analysis showed that six Gossypium arboreum SBT gene family members were in a network, among which five SBT1 genes and their Gossypium hirsutum and Arabidopsis thaliana direct homologues were down-regulated by salt treatment, indicating that the co-expression network might share conserved functions. Through co-expression network and annotation analysis, these SBTs may be involved in the biological processes of auxin transport, ABA signal transduction, cell wall repair and root tissue development. In summary, this study provides valuable information for the study of SBT genes in cotton and excavates SBT genes in response to salt stress, which provides ideas for cotton breeding for salinity resistance.
PMID: 36982835
Int J Mol Sci , IF:5.923 , 2023 Mar , V24 (6) doi: 10.3390/ijms24065732
Transcriptome and Low-Affinity Sodium Transport Analysis Reveals Salt Tolerance Variations between Two Poplar Trees.
School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.; Department of Crop and Forest Sciences & Agrotecnio Center, Universitat de Lleida, 25003 Leida, Spain.
Salinity stress severely hampers plant growth and productivity. How to improve plants' salt tolerance is an urgent issue. However, the molecular basis of plant resistance to salinity still remains unclear. In this study, we used two poplar species with different salt sensitivities to conduct RNA-sequencing and physiological and pharmacological analyses; the aim is to study the transcriptional profiles and ionic transport characteristics in the roots of the two Populus subjected to salt stress under hydroponic culture conditions. Our results show that numerous genes related to energy metabolism were highly expressed in Populus alba relative to Populus russkii, which activates vigorous metabolic processes and energy reserves for initiating a set of defense responses when suffering from salinity stress. Moreover, we found the capacity of Na(+) transportation by the P. alba high-affinity K+ transporter1;2 (HKT1;2) was superior to that of P. russkii under salt stress, which enables P. alba to efficiently recycle xylem-loaded Na(+) and to maintain shoot K(+)/Na(+) homeostasis. Furthermore, the genes involved in the synthesis of ethylene and abscisic acid were up-regulated in P. alba but downregulated in P. russkii under salt stress. In P. alba, the gibberellin inactivation and auxin signaling genes with steady high transcriptions, several antioxidant enzymes activities (such as peroxidase [POD], ascorbate peroxidase [APX], and glutathione reductase [GR]), and glycine-betaine content were significantly increased under salt stress. These factors altogether confer P. alba a higher resistance to salinity, achieving a more efficient coordination between growth modulation and defense response. Our research provides significant evidence to improve the salt tolerance of crops or woody plants.
PMID: 36982804
Int J Mol Sci , IF:5.923 , 2023 Mar , V24 (6) doi: 10.3390/ijms24065681
Light Quality and Sucrose-Regulated Detached Ripening of Strawberry with Possible Involvement of Abscisic Acid and Auxin Signaling.
College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.; Mianyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Mianyang 621000, China.; Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
The regulation of detached ripening is significant for prolonging fruit shelf life. Although light quality and sucrose affecting strawberry fruit ripening have been widely reported, little information is available about how they co-regulate the strawberry detached ripening process. In this study, different light qualities (red light-RL, blue light-BL, and white light-WL) and 100 mM sucrose were applied to regulate the ripening of initial red fruits detached from the plant. The results showed RL-treated samples (RL + H(2)O, RL + 100 mM sucrose) had brighter and purer skin color with a higher L*, b*, and C* value, and promoted the ascorbic acid. Almost all light treatments significantly decreased TSS/TA (total soluble solid/titratable acid) and soluble sugar/TA ratio, which is exacerbated by the addition of sucrose. Blue or red light in combination with sucrose notably increased total phenolic content and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation. In addition, blue or red light combined with sucrose increased abscisic acid (ABA) content and promoted ABA signaling by inducing ABA-INSENSITIVE 4 (ABI4) expression and inhibiting SUCROSE NONFERMENTING1-RELATED PROTEIN KINASE 2.6 (SnRK2.6) expression. The strawberries exposed to blue and red light significantly improved auxin (IAA) content compared to the control (0 d), whereas the addition of sucrose inhibited IAA accumulation. Moreover, sucrose treatment suppressed the AUXIN/INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID 11 (AUX/IAA11) and AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 6 (ARF6) expression under different light qualities. Overall, these results indicated that RL/BL + 100 mM sucrose might promote the detached ripening of strawberries by regulating abscisic acid and auxin signaling.
PMID: 36982763
Int J Mol Sci , IF:5.923 , 2023 Mar , V24 (6) doi: 10.3390/ijms24065605
Insights into Adaptive Regulation of the Leaf-Petiole System: Strategies for Survival of Water Lily Plants under Salt Stress.
Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China.; Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Plant Resources and Water Environment Remediation, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
The water lily (Nymphaea tetragona) is an ancient angiosperm that belongs to the Nymphaeaceae family. As a rooted floating-leaf plant, water lilies are generally cultivated in fresh water, therefore, little is known about their survival strategies under salt stress. Long-term salt stress causes morphological changes, such as the rapid regeneration of floating leaves and a significant decrease in leaf number and surface area. We demonstrate that salt stress induces toxicity soon after treatment, but plants can adapt by regenerating floating leaves that are photosynthetically active. Transcriptome profiling revealed that ion binding was one of the most-enriched GO terms in leaf-petiole systems under salt stress. Sodium-transporter-related genes were downregulated, whereas K(+) transporter genes were both up- and downregulated. These results suggest that restricting intracellular Na(+) importing while maintaining balanced K(+) homeostasis is an adaptive strategy for tolerating long-term salt stress. ICP-MS analysis identified the petioles and leaves as Na-hyperaccumulators, with a maximum content of over 80 g kg(-1) DW under salt stress. Mapping of the Na-hyperaccumulation trait onto the phylogenetic relationships revealed that water lily plants might have a long evolutionary history from ancient marine plants, or may have undergone historical ecological events from salt to fresh water. Ammonium transporter genes involved in nitrogen metabolism were downregulated, whereas NO(3)(-)-related transporters were upregulated in both the leaves and petioles, suggesting a selective bias toward NO(3)(-) uptake under salt stress. The morphological changes we observed may be due to the reduced expression of genes related to auxin signal transduction. In conclusion, the floating leaves and submerged petioles of the water lily use a series of adaptive strategies to survive salt stress. These include the absorption and transport of ions and nutrients from the surrounding environments, and the ability to hyperaccumulate Na(+). These adaptations may serve as the physiological basis for salt tolerance in water lily plants.
PMID: 36982679
Int J Mol Sci , IF:5.923 , 2023 Mar , V24 (6) doi: 10.3390/ijms24065590
Combining Metabolomics and Transcriptomics to Reveal the Regulatory Mechanism of Taproot Enlargement in Panax ginseng.
Co-Constructing Key Laboratory by Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology of Ecological Restoration and Ecosystem Management, College of Chinese Medicinal Material, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
Ginseng is regarded as the "king of herbs" in China, with its roots and rhizomes used as medicine, and it has a high medicinal value. In order to meet the market demand, the artificial cultivation of ginseng emerged, but different growth environments significantly affect the root morphology of garden ginseng. In this study, we used ginseng cultivated in deforested land (CF-CG) and ginseng cultivated in farmland (F-CG) as experimental materials. These two phenotypes were explored at the transcriptomic and metabolomic levels so as to understand the regulatory mechanism of taproot enlargement in garden ginseng. The results show that, compared with those of F-CG, the thickness of the main roots in CF-CG was increased by 70.5%, and the fresh weight of the taproots was increased by 305.4%. Sucrose, fructose and ginsenoside were significantly accumulated in CF-CG. During the enlargement of the taproots of CF-CG, genes related to starch and sucrose metabolism were significantly up-regulated, while genes related to lignin biosynthesis were significantly down-regulated. Auxin, gibberellin and abscisic acid synergistically regulated the enlargement of the taproots of the garden ginseng. In addition, as a sugar signaling molecule, T6P might act on the auxin synthesis gene ALDH2 to promote the synthesis of auxin and, thus, participate in the growth and development of garden ginseng roots. In summary, our study is conducive to clarifying the molecular regulation mechanism of taproot enlargement in garden ginseng, and it provides new insights for the further exploration of the morphogenesis of ginseng roots.
PMID: 36982666
Int J Mol Sci , IF:5.923 , 2023 Mar , V24 (6) doi: 10.3390/ijms24065563
Far-Red-Light-Induced Morphology Changes, Phytohormone, and Transcriptome Reprogramming of Chinese Kale (Brassica alboglabra Bailey).
College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
With far-red-light supplementation (3 W.m(-2), and 6 W.m(-2)), the flower budding rate, plant height, internode length, plant display, and stem diameter of Chinese kale were largely elevated, as well as the leaf morphology such as leaf length, leaf width, petiole length, and leaf area. Consequently, the fresh weight and dry weight of the edible parts of Chinese kale were markedly increased. The photosynthetic traits were enhanced, and the mineral elements were accumulated. To further explore the mechanism that far-red light simultaneously promoted the vegetative growth and reproductive growth of Chinese kale, this study used RNA sequencing to gain a global perspective on the transcriptional regulation, combining it with an analysis of composition and content of phytohormones. A total of 1409 differentially expressed genes were identified, involved mainly in pathways related to photosynthesis, plant circadian rhythm, plant hormone biosynthesis, and signal transduction. The gibberellins GA(9), GA(19), and GA(20) and the auxin ME-IAA were strongly accumulated under far-red light. However, the contents of the gibberellins GA(4) and GA(24), the cytokinins IP and cZ, and the jasmonate JA were significantly reduced by far-red light. The results indicated that the supplementary far-red light can be a useful tool to regulate the vegetative architecture, elevate the density of cultivation, enhance the photosynthesis, increase the mineral accumulation, accelerate the growth, and obtain a significantly higher yield of Chinese kale.
PMID: 36982639
Int J Mol Sci , IF:5.923 , 2023 Mar , V24 (6) doi: 10.3390/ijms24065311
Construction of ceRNA Networks at Different Stages of Somatic Embryogenesis in Garlic.
College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, China.; Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark.
LncRNA (long non-coding RNA) and mRNA form a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network by competitively binding to common miRNAs. This network regulates various processes of plant growth and development at the post-transcriptional level. Somatic embryogenesis is an effective means of plant virus-free rapid propagation, germplasm conservation, and genetic improvement, which is also a typical process to study the ceRNA regulatory network during cell development. Garlic is a typical asexual reproductive vegetable. Somatic cell culture is an effective means of virus-free rapid propagation in garlic. However, the ceRNA regulatory network of somatic embryogenesis remains unclear in garlic. In order to clarify the regulatory role of the ceRNA network in garlic somatic embryogenesis, we constructed lncRNA and miRNA libraries of four important stages (explant stage: EX; callus stage: AC; embryogenic callus stage: EC; globular embryo stage: GE) in the somatic embryogenesis of garlic. It was found that 44 lncRNAs could be used as precursors of 34 miRNAs, 1511 lncRNAs were predicted to be potential targets of 144 miRNAs, and 45 lncRNAs could be used as eTMs of 29 miRNAs. By constructing a ceRNA network with miRNA as the core, 144 miRNAs may bind to 1511 lncRNAs and 12,208 mRNAs. In the DE lncRNA-DE miRNA-DE mRNA network of adjacent stages of somatic embryo development (EX-VS-CA, CA-VS-EC, EC-VS-GE), by KEGG enrichment of adjacent stage DE mRNA, plant hormone signal transduction, butyric acid metabolism, and C5-branched dibasic acid metabolism were significantly enriched during somatic embryogenesis. Since plant hormones play an important role in somatic embryogenesis, further analysis of plant hormone signal transduction pathways revealed that the auxin pathway-related ceRNA network (lncRNAs-miR393s-TIR) may play a role in the whole stage of somatic embryogenesis. Further verification by RT-qPCR revealed that the lncRNA125175-miR393h-TIR2 network plays a major role in the network and may affect the occurrence of somatic embryos by regulating the auxin signaling pathway and changing the sensitivity of cells to auxin. Our results lay the foundation for studying the role of the ceRNA network in the somatic embryogenesis of garlic.
PMID: 36982386
Int J Mol Sci , IF:5.923 , 2023 Mar , V24 (6) doi: 10.3390/ijms24065253
The Role of Light-Regulated Auxin Signaling in Root Development.
College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, 1 Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, China.
The root is an important organ for obtaining nutrients and absorbing water and carbohydrates, and it depends on various endogenous and external environmental stimulations such as light, temperature, water, plant hormones, and metabolic constituents. Auxin, as an essential plant hormone, can mediate rooting under different light treatments. Therefore, this review focuses on summarizing the functions and mechanisms of light-regulated auxin signaling in root development. Some light-response components such as phytochromes (PHYs), cryptochromes (CRYs), phototropins (PHOTs), phytochrome-interacting factors (PIFs) and constitutive photo-morphorgenic 1 (COP1) regulate root development. Moreover, light mediates the primary root, lateral root, adventitious root, root hair, rhizoid, and seminal and crown root development via the auxin signaling transduction pathway. Additionally, the effect of light through the auxin signal on root negative phototropism, gravitropism, root greening and the root branching of plants is also illustrated. The review also summarizes diverse light target genes in response to auxin signaling during rooting. We conclude that the mechanism of light-mediated root development via auxin signaling is complex, and it mainly concerns in the differences in plant species, such as barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), changes of transcript levels and endogenous IAA content. Hence, the effect of light-involved auxin signaling on root growth and development is definitely a hot issue to explore in the horticultural studies now and in the future.
PMID: 36982350
Int J Mol Sci , IF:5.923 , 2023 Mar , V24 (6) doi: 10.3390/ijms24065103
Data-Independent Acquisition Proteomics Reveals the Effects of Red and Blue Light on the Growth and Development of Moso Bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) Seedlings.
Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.; Jilin Province Engineering Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
Moso bamboo is a rapidly growing species with significant economic, social, and cultural value. Transplanting moso bamboo container seedlings for afforestation has become a cost-effective method. The growth and development of the seedlings is greatly affected by the quality of light, including light morphogenesis, photosynthesis, and secondary metabolite production. Therefore, studies on the effects of specific light wavelengths on the physiology and proteome of moso bamboo seedlings are crucial. In this study, moso bamboo seedlings were germinated in darkness and then exposed to blue and red light conditions for 14 days. The effects of these light treatments on seedling growth and development were observed and compared through proteomics analysis. Results showed that moso bamboo has higher chlorophyll content and photosynthetic efficiency under blue light, while it displays longer internode and root length, more dry weight, and higher cellulose content under red light. Proteomics analysis reveals that these changes under red light are likely caused by the increased content of cellulase CSEA, specifically expressed cell wall synthetic proteins, and up-regulated auxin transporter ABCB19 in red light. Additionally, blue light is found to promote the expression of proteins constituting photosystem II, such as PsbP and PsbQ, more than red light. These findings provide new insights into the growth and development of moso bamboo seedlings regulated by different light qualities.
PMID: 36982175
Int J Mol Sci , IF:5.923 , 2023 Feb , V24 (4) doi: 10.3390/ijms24044190
Genomic Survey of Flavin Monooxygenases in Wild and Cultivated Rice Provides Insight into Evolution and Functional Diversities.
Plant Stress Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India.; Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
The flavin monooxygenase (FMO) enzyme was discovered in mammalian liver cells that convert a carcinogenic compound, N-N'-dimethylaniline, into a non-carcinogenic compound, N-oxide. Since then, many FMOs have been reported in animal systems for their primary role in the detoxification of xenobiotic compounds. In plants, this family has diverged to perform varied functions like pathogen defense, auxin biosynthesis, and S-oxygenation of compounds. Only a few members of this family, primarily those involved in auxin biosynthesis, have been functionally characterized in plant species. Thus, the present study aims to identify all the members of the FMO family in 10 different wild and cultivated Oryza species. Genome-wide analysis of the FMO family in different Oryza species reveals that each species has multiple FMO members in its genome and that this family is conserved throughout evolution. Taking clues from its role in pathogen defense and its possible function in ROS scavenging, we have also assessed the involvement of this family in abiotic stresses. A detailed in silico expression analysis of the FMO family in Oryza sativa subsp. japonica revealed that only a subset of genes responds to different abiotic stresses. This is supported by the experimental validation of a few selected genes using qRT-PCR in stress-sensitive Oryza sativa subsp. indica and stress-sensitive wild rice Oryza nivara. The identification and comprehensive in silico analysis of FMO genes from different Oryza species carried out in this study will serve as the foundation for further structural and functional studies of FMO genes in rice as well as other crop types.
PMID: 36835601
Int J Mol Sci , IF:5.923 , 2023 Feb , V24 (4) doi: 10.3390/ijms24044061
Comparison of Tomato Transcriptomic Profiles Reveals Overlapping Patterns in Abiotic and Biotic Stress Responses.
Department of Agricultural Science, University of Naples "Federico II," 80055 Portici, Italy.; Sequentia Biotech SL, Calle Comte D'Urgell 240, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
Until a few years ago, many studies focused on the transcriptomic response to single stresses. However, tomato cultivations are often constrained by a wide range of biotic and abiotic stress that can occur singularly or in combination, and several genes can be involved in the defensive mechanism response. Therefore, we analyzed and compared the transcriptomic responses of resistant and susceptible genotypes to seven biotic stresses (Cladosporium fulvum, Phytophthora infestans, Pseudomonas syringae, Ralstonia solanacearum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and Tuta absoluta) and five abiotic stresses (drought, salinity, low temperatures, and oxidative stress) to identify genes involved in response to multiple stressors. With this approach, we found genes encoding for TFs, phytohormones, or participating in signaling and cell wall metabolic processes, participating in defense against various biotic and abiotic stress. Moreover, a total of 1474 DEGs were commonly found between biotic and abiotic stress. Among these, 67 DEGs were involved in response to at least four different stresses. In particular, we found RLKs, MAPKs, Fasciclin-like arabinogalactans (FLAs), glycosyltransferases, genes involved in the auxin, ET, and JA pathways, MYBs, bZIPs, WRKYs and ERFs genes. Detected genes responsive to multiple stress might be further investigated with biotechnological approaches to effectively improve plant tolerance in the field.
PMID: 36835470
Int J Mol Sci , IF:5.923 , 2023 Feb , V24 (4) doi: 10.3390/ijms24043753
Paclobutrazol Promotes Root Development of Difficult-to-Root Plants by Coordinating Auxin and Abscisic Acid Signaling Pathways in Phoebe bournei.
School of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China.; Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Combating of Hunan Province, Changsha 410004, China.; Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.; School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
Phoebe bournei is a rare and endangered plant endemic to China with higher-value uses in essential oil and structural wood production. Its seedlings are prone to death because of its undeveloped system. Paclobutrazol (PBZ) can improve root growth and development in certain plants, but its concentration effect and molecular mechanism remain unclear. Here, we studied the physiological and molecular mechanisms by which PBZ regulates root growth under different treatments. We found that, with moderate concentration treatment (MT), PBZ significantly increased the total root length (69.90%), root surface area (56.35%), and lateral root number (47.17%). IAA content was the highest at MT and was 3.83, 1.86, and 2.47 times greater than the control, low, and high-concentration treatments. In comparison, ABA content was the lowest and reduced by 63.89%, 30.84%, and 44.79%, respectively. The number of upregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) induced at MT was more than that of down-regulated DEGs, which enriched 8022 DEGs in response to PBZ treatments. WGCNA showed that PBZ-responsive genes were significantly correlated with plant hormone content and involved in plant hormone signal transduction and MAPK signal pathway-plant pathways, which controls root growth. The hub genes are observably associated with auxin, abscisic acid syntheses, and signaling pathways, such as PINs, ABCBs, TARs, ARFs, LBDs, and PYLs. We constructed a model which showed PBZ treatments mediated the antagonism interaction of IAA and ABA to regulate the root growth in P. bournei. Our result provides new insights and molecular strategies for solving rare plants' root growth problems.
PMID: 36835160
Int J Mol Sci , IF:5.923 , 2023 Feb , V24 (4) doi: 10.3390/ijms24043631
Insights on Phytohormonal Crosstalk in Plant Response to Nitrogen Stress: A Focus on Plant Root Growth and Development.
State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.; Department of Horticulture, Institute of Vegetable Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
Nitrogen (N) is a vital mineral component that can restrict the growth and development of plants if supplied inappropriately. In order to benefit their growth and development, plants have complex physiological and structural responses to changes in their nitrogen supply. As higher plants have multiple organs with varying functions and nutritional requirements, they coordinate their responses at the whole-plant level based on local and long-distance signaling pathways. It has been suggested that phytohormones are signaling substances in such pathways. The nitrogen signaling pathway is closely associated with phytohormones such as auxin (AUX), abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinins (CKs), ethylene (ETH), brassinosteroid (BR), strigolactones (SLs), jasmonic acid (JA), and salicylic acid (SA). Recent research has shed light on how nitrogen and phytohormones interact to modulate physiology and morphology. This review provides a summary of the research on how phytohormone signaling affects root system architecture (RSA) in response to nitrogen availability. Overall, this review contributes to identifying recent developments in the interaction between phytohormones and N, as well as serving as a foundation for further study.
PMID: 36835044
Int J Mol Sci , IF:5.923 , 2023 Feb , V24 (4) doi: 10.3390/ijms24043090
Do Opposites Attract? Auxin-Abscisic Acid Crosstalk: New Perspectives.
Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentacion (INIA/CSIC), Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM), Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcon, 28223 Madrid, Spain.; Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.; Departamento de Biotecnologia-Biologia Vegetal, Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingenieria Agronomica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
Plants are constantly exposed to a variety of different environmental stresses, including drought, salinity, and elevated temperatures. These stress cues are assumed to intensify in the future driven by the global climate change scenario which we are currently experiencing. These stressors have largely detrimental effects on plant growth and development and, therefore, put global food security in jeopardy. For this reason, it is necessary to expand our understanding of the underlying mechanisms by which plants respond to abiotic stresses. Especially boosting our insight into the ways by which plants balance their growth and their defense programs appear to be of paramount importance, as this may lead to novel perspectives that can pave the way to increase agricultural productivity in a sustainable manner. In this review, our aim was to present a detailed overview of different facets of the crosstalk between the antagonistic plant hormones abscisic acid (ABA) and auxin, two phytohormones that are the main drivers of plant stress responses, on the one hand, and plant growth, on the other.
PMID: 36834499
Int J Mol Sci , IF:5.923 , 2023 Feb , V24 (3) doi: 10.3390/ijms24032819
A Revised View of the LSU Gene Family: New Functions in Plant Stress Responses and Phytohormone Signaling.
Instituto de Bioquimica y Microbiologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile.; ANID-Millennium Science Initiative Program-Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago 8331150, Chile.; Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, INIA-CSIC-Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain.; Centro de Genomica y Bioinformatica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile.; Escuela de Biotecnologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile.
LSUs (RESPONSE TO LOW SULFUR) are plant-specific proteins of unknown function that were initially identified during transcriptomic studies of the sulfur deficiency response in Arabidopsis. Recent functional studies have shown that LSUs are important hubs of protein interaction networks with potential roles in plant stress responses. In particular, LSU proteins have been reported to interact with members of the brassinosteroid, jasmonate signaling, and ethylene biosynthetic pathways, suggesting that LSUs may be involved in response to plant stress through modulation of phytohormones. Furthermore, in silico analysis of the promoter regions of LSU genes in Arabidopsis has revealed the presence of cis-regulatory elements that are potentially responsive to phytohormones such as ABA, auxin, and jasmonic acid, suggesting crosstalk between LSU proteins and phytohormones. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the LSU gene family in plants and its potential role in phytohormone responses.
PMID: 36769138
PLoS Genet , IF:5.917 , 2023 Mar , V19 (3) : Pe1010636 doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010636
Endogenous salicylic acid suppresses de novo root regeneration from leaf explants.
Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America.; Department of Biology, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.; Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America.; Department of Genetics, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America.; Department of Plant Biology, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America.; Department of Animal and Diary Sciences, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Georgia, United States of America.
Plants can regenerate new organs from damaged or detached tissues. In the process of de novo root regeneration (DNRR), adventitious roots are frequently formed from the wound site on a detached leaf. Salicylic acid (SA) is a key phytohormone regulating plant defenses and stress responses. The role of SA and its acting mechanisms during de novo organogenesis is still unclear. Here, we found that endogenous SA inhibited the adventitious root formation after cutting. Free SA rapidly accumulated at the wound site, which was accompanied by an activation of SA response. SA receptors NPR3 and NPR4, but not NPR1, were required for DNRR. Wounding-elevated SA compromised the expression of AUX1, and subsequent transport of auxin to the wound site. A mutation in AUX1 abolished the enhanced DNRR in low SA mutants. Our work elucidates a role of SA in regulating DNRR and suggests a potential link between biotic stress and tissue regeneration.
PMID: 36857386
Front Plant Sci , IF:5.753 , 2023 , V14 : P1143525 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1143525
Significant increases in Donghong kiwifruit yield by a novel umbrella-shaped trellis system and identification of associated molecular mechanisms.
Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.; Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China.
China is the largest kiwifruit producer in the world, accounting for more than half of the total. However, in terms of yield per unit area, China is much lower than the global average and lags behind that of other countries. Yield improvement is of critical importance for the current kiwifruit industry in China. In this study, an improved overhead pergolas trellis (OPT) system, namely, the umbrella-shaped trellis (UST) system, was developed for Donghong kiwifruit, which is now the second most popular and widely cultivated red-fleshed kiwifruit in China. Surprisingly, the estimated yield on the UST system was more than two times higher than that with a traditional OPT, while the external fruit quality was maintained and the internal fruit quality was improved. One of the mechanisms contributing to the yield improvement was the significant promotion of the vegetative growth of canes at 6 ~ 10 mm in diameter by the UST system. The upper canopy of the UST treatment served as a natural shading condition for the lower fruiting canopy and thus had positive effects on the accumulation of chlorophylls and total carotenoids in the fruiting canopy. The most productive zones on the fruiting canes (6 ~ 10 mm in diameter) contained significantly higher (P < 0.05) levels of zeatin riboside (ZR) and auxin (IAA) and ratios of ZR/gibberellin (GA), ZR/abscisic acid (ABA), and ABA/GA. A relatively high carbon/nitrogen ratio may promote the flower bud differentiation process of Donghong kiwifruit. The outcomes of this study provide a scientific basis for manifold increase in production of kiwifruit and contribute to the sustainability of the kiwifruit industry.
PMID: 36993843
Front Plant Sci , IF:5.753 , 2023 , V14 : P1099587 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1099587
Identification of a pluripotency-inducing small compound, PLU, that induces callus formation via Heat Shock Protein 90-mediated activation of auxin signaling.
Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.; Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.; School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.; Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan.; Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.; Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.; Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan.; Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.; Department of Industrial Life Sciences, Faculty of Life Science, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, Japan.; Center for Plant Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, Japan.; Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States.
Plants retain the ability to generate a pluripotent tissue called callus by dedifferentiating somatic cells. A pluripotent callus can also be artificially induced by culturing explants with hormone mixtures of auxin and cytokinin, and an entire body can then be regenerated from the callus. Here we identified a pluripotency-inducing small compound, PLU, that induces the formation of callus with tissue regeneration potency without the external application of either auxin or cytokinin. The PLU-induced callus expressed several marker genes related to pluripotency acquisition via lateral root initiation processes. PLU-induced callus formation required activation of the auxin signaling pathway though the amount of active auxin was reduced by PLU treatment. RNA-seq analysis and subsequent experiments revealed that Heat Shock Protein 90 (HSP90) mediates a significant part of the PLU-initiated early events. We also showed that HSP90-dependent induction of TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE 1, an auxin receptor gene, is required for the callus formation by PLU. Collectively, this study provides a new tool for manipulating and investigating the induction of plant pluripotency from a different angle from the conventional method with the external application of hormone mixtures.
PMID: 36968385
Front Plant Sci , IF:5.753 , 2023 , V14 : P1071648 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1071648
Molecular mapping of genomic regions and identification of possible candidate genes associated with gynoecious sex expression in bitter gourd.
Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.; Gene Research Centre, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano, Japan.; Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.; Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.; Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India.; Division of Genomic Resources, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India.; ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Bitter gourd is an important vegetable crop grown throughout the tropics mainly because of its high nutritional value. Sex expression and identification of gynoecious trait in cucurbitaceous vegetable crops has facilitated the hybrid breeding programme in a great way to improve productivity. In bitter gourd, gynoecious sex expression is poorly reported and detailed molecular pathways involve yet to be studied. The present experiment was conducted to study the inheritance, identify the genomic regions associated with gynoecious sex expression and to reveal possible candidate genes through QTL-seq. Segregation for the gynoecious and monoecious sex forms in the F(2) progenies indicated single recessive gene controlling gynoecious sex expression in the genotype, PVGy-201. Gynoecious parent, PVGy-201, Monoecious parent, Pusa Do Mausami (PDM), and two contrasting bulks were constituted for deep-sequencing. A total of 10.56, 23.11, 15.07, and 19.38 Gb of clean reads from PVGy-201, PDM, gynoecious bulk and monoecious bulks were generated. Based on the DeltaSNP index, 1.31 Mb regions on the chromosome 1 was identified to be associated with gynoecious sex expression in bitter gourd. In the QTL region 293,467 PVGy-201 unique variants, including SNPs and indels, were identified. In the identified QTL region, a total of 1019 homozygous variants were identified between PVGy1 and PDM genomes and 71 among them were non-synonymous variants (SNPS and INDELs), out of which 11 variants (7 INDELs, 4 SNPs) were classified as high impact variants with frame shift/stop gain effect. In total twelve genes associated with male and female gametophyte development were identified in the QTL-region. Ethylene-responsive transcription factor 12, Auxin response factor 6, Copper-transporting ATPase RAN1, CBL-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 23, ABC transporter C family member 2, DEAD-box ATP-dependent RNA helicase 1 isoform X2, Polygalacturonase QRT3-like isoform X2, Protein CHROMATIN REMODELING 4 were identified with possible role in gynoecious sex expression. Promoter region variation in 8 among the 12 genes indicated their role in determining gynoecious sex expression in bitter gourd genotype, DBGy-1. The findings in the study provides insight about sex expression in bitter gourd and will facilitate fine mapping and more precise identification of candidate genes through their functional validation.
PMID: 36938036
Front Plant Sci , IF:5.753 , 2023 , V14 : P1090774 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1090774
Parthenocarpic tomato mutants, iaa9-3 and iaa9-5, show plant adaptability and fruiting ability under heat-stress conditions.
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia.; Department of Biology, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia.; Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.; Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia.; Plantation Seed Supervision and Certification Center, Bandung, Indonesia.; Master Graduate Program of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia.; Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.; Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
Fruit set is one of the main problems that arise in tomato plants under heat-stress conditions, which disrupt pollen development, resulting in decreased pollen fertility. Parthenocarpic tomatoes can be used to increase plant productivity during failure of the fertilisation process under heat-stress conditions. The aim of this study were to identify the plant adaptability and fruiting capability of ?iaa9-3 and iaa9-5 tomato mutants under heat-stress conditions. The iaa9-3 and iaa9-5 and wild-type Micro-Tom (WT-MT) plants were cultivated under two temperature conditions: normal and heat-stress conditions during plant growth. The results showed that under the heat-stress condition, iaa9-3 and iaa9-5 showed delayed flowering time, increased number of flowers, and increased fruit set and produced normal-sized fruit. However, WT-MT cannot produce fruits under heat stress. The mutants can grow under heat-stress conditions, as indicated by the lower electrolyte leakage and H(2)O(2) concentration and higher antioxidant activities compared with WT-MT under heat-stress conditions. These results suggest that iaa9-3 and iaa9-5 can be valuable genetic resources for the development of tomatoes in high-temperature environmental conditions.
PMID: 36938002
Front Plant Sci , IF:5.753 , 2023 , V14 : P1123059 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1123059
A model worker: Multifaceted modulation of AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR3 orchestrates plant reproductive phases.
State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China.; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Shijiazhuang, China.; State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.
The key phytohormone auxin is involved in practically every aspect of plant growth and development. Auxin regulates these processes by controlling gene expression through functionally distinct AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORs (ARFs). As a noncanonical ARF, ARF3/ETTIN (ETT) mediates auxin responses to orchestrate multiple developmental processes during the reproductive phase. The arf3 mutation has pleiotropic effects on reproductive development, causing abnormalities in meristem homeostasis, floral determinacy, phyllotaxy, floral organ patterning, gynoecium morphogenesis, ovule development, and self-incompatibility. The importance of ARF3 is also reflected in its precise regulation at the transcriptional, posttranscriptional, translational, and epigenetic levels. Recent studies have shown that ARF3 controls dynamic shoot apical meristem (SAM) maintenance in a non-cell autonomous manner. Here, we summarize the hierarchical regulatory mechanisms by which ARF3 is regulated and the diverse roles of ARF3 regulating developmental processes during the reproductive phase.
PMID: 36923132
Front Plant Sci , IF:5.753 , 2023 , V14 : P1086879 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1086879
Exogenous 6-BA inhibited hypocotyl elongation under darkness in Picea crassifolia Kom revealed by transcriptome profiling.
State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.; Cotton Research Institute, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.; Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Hypocotyl elongation is an important process in plant growth and development, and is under hormonal regulatory signaling pathways. In our study, exogenous 6-BA significantly inhibited Picea crassifolia hypocotyl elongation more than ethylene in the dark, indicating the existence of different regulatory strategies in conifers, therefore, the P. crassifolia transcriptome was studied to explore the responsive genes and their regulatory pathways for exogenous N(6)-benzyladenine (6-BA) inhibition of hypocotyl elongation using RNA-Sequencing approach. We present the first transcriptome assembly of P. crassifolia obtained from 24.38 Gb clean data. With lowly-expressed and short contigs excluded, the assembly contains roughly 130,612 unigenes with an N50 length of 1,278 bp. Differential expression analysis found 3,629 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and found that the differential expression fold of genes was mainly concentrated between 2 and 8 (1
PMID: 36923127
Front Plant Sci , IF:5.753 , 2023 , V14 : P1120307 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1120307
VPS45 is required for both diffuse and tip growth of Arabidopsis thaliana cells.
Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.; Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.
INTRODUCTION: VPS45 belongs to the Sec1/Munc18 family of proteins, which interact with and regulate Qa-SNARE function during membrane fusion. We have shown previously that Arabidopsis thaliana VPS45 interacts with the SYP61/SYP41/VTI12 SNARE complex, which locates on the trans-Golgi network (TGN). It is required for SYP41 stability, and it functions in cargo trafficking to the vacuole and in cell expansion. It is also required for correct auxin distribution during gravitropism and lateral root growth. RESULTS: As vps45 knockout mutation is lethal in Arabidopsis, we identified a mutant, vps45-3, with a point mutation in the VPS45 gene causing a serine 284-to-phenylalanine substitution. The VPS45-3 protein is stable and maintains interaction with SYP61 and SYP41. However, vps45-3 plants display severe growth defects with significantly reduced organ and cell size, similar to vps45 RNAi transgenic lines that have reduced VPS45 protein levels. Root hair and pollen tube elongation, both processes of tip growth, are highly compromised in vps45-3. Mutant root hairs are shorter and thicker than those of wild-type plants, and are wavy. These root hairs have vacuolar defects, containing many small vacuoles, compared with WT root hairs with a single large vacuole occupying much of the cell volume. Pollen tubes were also significantly shorter in vps45-3 compared to WT. DISCUSSION: We thus show that VPS45 is essential for proper tip growth and propose that the observed vacuolar defects lead to loss of the turgor pressure needed for tip growth.
PMID: 36923123
Front Plant Sci , IF:5.753 , 2023 , V14 : P1142779 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1142779
Genome-edited TaTFL1-5 mutation decreases tiller and spikelet numbers in common wheat.
National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.
Tillering is a critical agronomic trait of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) that determines the shoot architecture and affects grain yield. TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1), encoding a phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein, is implicated in the transition to flowering and shoot architecture in plant development. However, the roles of TFL1 homologs is little known in wheat development. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeted mutagenesis was used in this study to generate a set of wheat (Fielder) mutants with single, double or triple-null tatfl1-5 alleles. The wheat tatfl1-5 mutations decreased the tiller number per plant in the vegetative growth stage and the effective tiller number per plant and spikelet number per spike at maturity in the field. RNA-seq analysis showed that the expression of the auxin signaling-related and cytokinin signaling-related genes was significantly changed in the axillary buds of tatfl1-5 mutant seedlings. The results suggested that wheat TaTFL1-5s were implicated in tiller regulation by auxin and cytokinin signaling.
PMID: 36895877
Front Plant Sci , IF:5.753 , 2023 , V14 : P1133798 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1133798
Mechanism of metamifop resistance in Digitaria ciliaris var. chrysoblephara from Jiangsu, China.
Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
Digitaria ciliaris var. chrysoblephara is one of the most competitive and problematic grass weeds in China. Metamifop is an aryloxyphenoxypropionate (APP) herbicide that inhibits the activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) of sensitive weeds. Following the introduction of metamifop to China in 2010, it has been continuously used in rice paddy fields, thereby substantially increasing selective pressure for resistant D. ciliaris var. chrysoblephara variants. Here, populations of D. ciliaris var. chrysoblephara (JYX-8, JTX-98, and JTX-99) were observed to be highly resistant to metamifop, with resistance index (RI) values of 30.64, 14.38, and 23.19, respectively. Comparison of resistant and sensitive population ACCase gene sequences revealed that a single nucleotide substitution from TGG to TGC resulted in an amino acid substitution from tryptophan to cysteine at position 2,027 in the JYX-8 population. No corresponding substitution was observed for JTX-98 and JTX-99 populations. The ACCase cDNA of D. ciliaris var. chrysoblephara was successfully obtained by PCR and RACE methods, representing the first amplification of full length ACCase cDNA from Digitaria spp. Investigation of the relative expressions of ACCase gene revealed the lack of significant differences between sensitive and resistant populations before and after herbicide treatments. ACCase activities in resistant populations were less inhibited than in sensitive populations and recovered to the same or even higher levels compared to untreated plants. Whole-plant bioassays were also conducted to assess resistance to other ACCase inhibitors, acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors, auxin mimic herbicide, and protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitor. Cross-resistance and some multi-resistance were observed in the metamifop-resistant populations. This study is the first to focus on the herbicide resistance of D. ciliaris var. chrysoblephara. These results provide evidence for a target-site resistance mechanism in metamifop-resistant D. ciliaris var. chrysoblephara, while providing a better understanding of cross- and multi-resistance characteristics of resistant populations that will help in the management of herbicide-resistant D. ciliaris var. chrysoblephara.
PMID: 36895875
Front Plant Sci , IF:5.753 , 2023 , V14 : P1056629 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1056629
L-phenylalanine in potato onion (Allium cepa var. aggregatum G. Don) root exudates mediates neighbor detection and trigger physio-morphological root responses of tomato.
Institute of Agricultural Economy and Scientific Information, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China.; College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.; Key Laboratory of Cold Area Vegetable Biology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
INTERACTION: Despite numerous recent insights into neighbor detection and belowground plant communication mediated by root exudates, less is known about the specificity and nature of substances within root exudates and the mechanism by which they may act belowground in root-root interactions. METHODS: Here, we used a coculture experiment to study the root length density (RLD) of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) grown with potato onion (Allium cepa var. aggregatum G. Don) cultivars with growth-promoting (S-potato onion) or no growth-promoting (N-potato onion) effects. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Tomato plants grown with growth-promoting potato onion or its root exudates increased root distribution and length density oppositely and grew their roots away as compared to when grown with potato onion of no growth-promoting potential, its root exudates, and control (tomato monoculture/distilled water treatment). Root exudates profiling of two potato onion cultivars by UPLC-Q-TOF/MS showed that L-phenylalanine was only found in root exudates of S-potato onion. The role of L-phenylalanine was further confirmed in a box experiment in which it altered tomato root distribution and forced the roots grow away. In vitro trial revealed that tomato seedlings root exposed to L-phenylalanine changed the auxin distribution, decreased the concentration of amyloplasts in columella cells of roots, and changed the root deviation angle to grow away from the addition side. These results suggest that L-phenylalanine in S-potato onion root exudates may act as an "active compound" and trigger physio-morphological changes in neighboring tomato roots.
PMID: 36875620
Front Plant Sci , IF:5.753 , 2023 , V14 : P1024815 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1024815
Divergent regulation of auxin responsive genes in root-knot and cyst nematodes feeding sites formed in Arabidopsis.
Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquimica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.; Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politecnica de Madrid and Instituto de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (UPM-INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo, Madrid, Spain.; FFoQSI GmbH-Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, Tulln, Austria.; Unit of Food Microbiology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.; Centro Tecnologico Nacional Agroalimentario "Extremadura", Badajoz, Spain.; Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.; International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
Cysts (CNs) and root-knot nematodes (RKNs) induce specialized feeding cells, syncytia, and giant cells (GCs), respectively, within plant roots. The plant tissues around the GCs usually by respond forming a root swelling called a gall that contains the GCs. The ontogenesis of feeding cells is different. GC formation is a process of new organogenesis from vascular cells, which are still not well characterized, that differentiate into GCs. In contrast, syncytia formation involves the fusion of adjacent cells that have already differentiated. Nonetheless, both feeding sites show an auxin maximum pertinent to feeding site formation. However, data on the molecular divergences and similarities between the formation of both feeding sites regarding auxin-responsive genes are still scarce. We studied genes from the auxin transduction pathways that are crucial during gall and lateral root (LR) development in the CN interaction by using promoter-reporter (GUS/LUC)transgenic lines, as well as loss of function lines of Arabidopsis. The promoters pGATA23 and several deletions of pmiR390a were active in syncytia, as were in galls, but pAHP6 or putative up-stream regulators as ARF5/7/19 were not active in syncytia. Additionally, none of these genes seemed to play a key role during cyst nematode establishment in Arabidopsis, as the infection rates in loss of function lines did not show significant differences compared to control Col-0 plants. Furthermore, the presence of only canonical AuxRe elements in their proximal promoter regions is highly correlated with their activation in galls/GCs (AHP6, LBD16), but those promoters active in syncytia (miR390, GATA23) carry AuxRe overlapping core cis-elements for other transcription factor families (i.e., bHLH, bZIP). Strikingly, in silico transcriptomic analysis showed very few genes upregulated by auxins common to those induced in GCs and syncytia, despite the high number of upregulated IAA responsive genes in syncytia and galls. The complex regulation of auxin transduction pathways, where different members of the auxin response factor (ARF) family may interact with other factors, and the differences in auxin sensitivity, as indicated by the lower induction of the DR5 sensor in syncytia than galls, among other factors, may explain the divergent regulation of auxin responsive genes in the two types of nematode feeding sites.
PMID: 36875577
Front Plant Sci , IF:5.753 , 2023 , V14 : P1108507 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1108507
The role of melatonin in plant growth and metabolism, and its interplay with nitric oxide and auxin in plants under different types of abiotic stress.
Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.; Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan.; Jiangsu Yanjiang Area, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Nantong, China.; Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Swabi, Swabi, Pakistan.; Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.; Key Lab of Crop Genetics & Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.; Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Gadarif, Al Gadarif, Sudan.
Melatonin is a pleiotropic signaling molecule that reduces the adverse effects of abiotic stresses, and enhances the growth and physiological function of many plant species. Several recent studies have demonstrated the pivotal role of melatonin in plant functions, specifically its regulation of crop growth and yield. However, a comprehensive understanding of melatonin, which regulates crop growth and yield under abiotic stress conditions, is not yet available. This review focuses on the progress of research on the biosynthesis, distribution, and metabolism of melatonin, and its multiple complex functions in plants and its role in the mechanisms of metabolism regulation in plants grown under abiotic stresses. In this review, we focused on the pivotal role of melatonin in the enhancement of plant growth and regulation of crop yield, and elucidated its interactions with nitric oxide (NO) and auxin (IAA, indole-3-acetic acid) when plants are grown under various abiotic stresses. The present review revealed that the endogenousapplication of melatonin to plants, and its interactions with NO and IAA, enhanced plant growth and yield under various abiotic stresses. The interaction of melatonin with NO regulated plant morphophysiological and biochemical activities, mediated by the G protein-coupled receptor and synthesis genes. The interaction of melatonin with IAA enhanced plant growth and physiological function by increasing the levels of IAA, synthesis, and polar transport. Our aim was to provide a comprehensive review of the performance of melatonin under various abiotic stresses, and, therefore, further explicate the mechanisms that plant hormones use to regulate plant growth and yield under abiotic stresses.
PMID: 36866369
Front Plant Sci , IF:5.753 , 2023 , V14 : P1054736 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1054736
Exogenous abscisic acid prolongs the dormancy of recalcitrant seed of Panax notoginseng.
College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China.; Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China.; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China.
The seeds of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen are typically characterized by their recalcitrance and after-ripening process and exhibit a high water content at harvest as well as a high susceptibility to dehydration. Storage difficulty and the low germination of recalcitrant seeds of P. notoginseng are known to cause an obstacle to agricultural production. In this study, the ratio of embryo to endosperm (Em/En) in abscisic acid (ABA) treatments (1 mg.l(-1) and 10 mg.l(-1), LA and HA) was 53.64% and 52.34%, respectively, which were lower than those in control check (CK) (61.98%) at 30 days of the after-ripening process (DAR). A total of 83.67% of seeds germinated in the CK, 49% of seeds germinated in the LA treatment, and 37.33% of seeds germinated in the HA treatment at 60 DAR. The ABA, gibberellin (GA), and auxin (IAA) levels were increased in the HA treatment at 0 DAR, while the jasmonic acid (JA) levels were decreased. ABA, IAA, and JA were increased, but GA was decreased with HA treatment at 30 DAR. A total of 4,742, 16,531, and 890 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the HA-treated and CK groups, respectively, along with obvious enrichment in the ABA-regulated plant hormone pathway and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. The expression of pyracbactin resistance-like (PYL) and SNF1-related protein kinase subfamily 2 (SnRK2s) increased in the ABA-treated groups, whereas the expression of type 2C protein phosphatase (PP2C) decreased, both of which are related to the ABA signaling pathway. As a result of the changes in expression of these genes, increased ABA signaling and suppressed GA signaling could inhibit the growth of the embryo and the expansion of developmental space. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that MAPK signaling cascades might be involved in the amplification of hormone signaling. Meanwhile, our study uncovered that the exogenous hormone ABA could inhibit embryonic development, promote dormancy, and delay germination in recalcitrant seeds. These findings reveal the critical role of ABA in regulating the dormancy of recalcitrant seeds, and thereby provide a new insight into recalcitrant seeds in agricultural production and storage.
PMID: 36866363
Front Plant Sci , IF:5.753 , 2023 , V14 : P1112264 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1112264
Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses reveal key metabolic pathways in response to potassium deficiency in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) seedlings.
Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Oil Crops Biology, Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang, Hainan, China.; School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.; Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China.
Potassium ions (K(+)) are important for plant growth and crop yield. However, the effects of K(+) deficiency on the biomass of coconut seedlings and the mechanism by which K(+) deficiency regulates plant growth remain largely unknown. Therefore, in this study, we compared the physiological, transcriptome, and metabolite profiles of coconut seedling leaves under K(+)-deficient and K(+)-sufficient conditions using pot hydroponic experiments, RNA-sequencing, and metabolomics technologies. K(+) deficiency stress significantly reduced the plant height, biomass, and soil and plant analyzer development value, as well as K content, soluble protein, crude fat, and soluble sugar contents of coconut seedlings. Under K(+) deficiency, the leaf malondialdehyde content of coconut seedlings were significantly increased, whereas the proline (Pro) content was significantly reduced. Superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase activities were significantly reduced. The contents of endogenous hormones such as auxin, gibberellin, and zeatin were significantly decreased, whereas abscisic acid content was significantly increased. RNA-sequencing revealed that compared to the control, there were 1003 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the leaves of coconut seedlings under K(+) deficiency. Gene Ontology analysis revealed that these DEGs were mainly related to "integral component of membrane," "plasma membrane," "nucleus", "transcription factor activity," "sequence-specific DNA binding," and "protein kinase activity." Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis indicated that the DEGs were mainly involved in "MAPK signaling pathway-plant," "plant hormone signal transduction," "starch and sucrose metabolism," "plant-pathogen interaction," "ABC transporters," and "glycerophospholipid metabolism." Metabolomic analysis showed that metabolites related to fatty acids, lipidol, amines, organic acids, amino acids, and flavonoids were generally down-regulated in coconut seedlings under K(+) deficiency, whereas metabolites related to phenolic acids, nucleic acids, sugars, and alkaloids were mostly up-regulated. Therefore, coconut seedlings respond to K(+) deficiency stress by regulating signal transduction pathways, primary and secondary metabolism, and plant-pathogen interaction. These results confirm the importance of K(+) for coconut production, and provide a more in-depth understanding of the response of coconut seedlings to K(+) deficiency and a basis for improving K(+) utilization efficiency in coconut trees.
PMID: 36860901
Front Plant Sci , IF:5.753 , 2023 , V14 : P1105521 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1105521
Jasmonic acid negatively regulates branch growth in pear.
Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.; Haidu College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Laiyang, China.
The quality of seedlings is an important factor for development of the pear industry. A strong seedling with few branches and suitable internodes is ideal material as a rootstock for grafting and breeding. Several branching mutants of pear rootstocks were identified previously. In the present study, 'QAU-D03' (Pyrus communis L.) and it's mutants were used to explore the mechanism that affects branch formation by conducting phenotypic trait assessment, hormone content analysis, and transcriptome analysis. The mutant plant (MP) showed fewer branches, shorter 1-year-old shoots, and longer petiole length, compared to original plants (OP), i.e., wild type. Endogenous hormone analysis revealed that auxin, cytokinin, and jasmonic acid contents in the stem tips of MP were significantly higher than those of the original plants. In particular, the jasmonic acid content of the MP was 1.8 times higher than that of the original plants. Transcriptome analysis revealed that PcCOI1, which is a transcriptional regulatory gene downstream of the jasmonic acid signaling pathway, was expressed more highly in the MP than in the original plants, whereas the expression levels of PcJAZ and PcMYC were reduced in the MP compared with that of the original plants. In response to treatment with exogenous methyl jasmonate, the original plants phenotype was consistent with that of the MP in developing less branches. These results indicate that jasmonic acid negatively regulates branch growth of pear trees and that jasmonic acid downstream regulatory genes play a crucial role in regulating branching.
PMID: 36824194
Front Plant Sci , IF:5.753 , 2023 , V14 : P1096802 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1096802
Evaluation of convolutional neural networks for herbicide susceptibility-based weed detection in turf.
College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.; Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences / Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences at Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, China.; Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, United States.
Deep learning methods for weed detection typically focus on distinguishing weed species, but a variety of weed species with comparable plant morphological characteristics may be found in turfgrass. Thus, it is difficult for deep learning models to detect and distinguish every weed species with high accuracy. Training convolutional neural networks for detecting weeds susceptible to herbicides can offer a new strategy for implementing site-specific weed detection in turf. DenseNet, EfficientNet-v2, and ResNet showed high F(1) scores (>/=0.986) and MCC values (>/=0.984) to detect and distinguish the sub-images containing dollarweed, goosegrass, old world diamond-flower, purple nutsedge, or Virginia buttonweed growing in bermudagrass turf. However, they failed to reliably detect crabgrass and tropical signalgrass due to the similarity in plant morphology. When training the convolutional neural networks for detecting and distinguishing the sub-images containing weeds susceptible to ACCase-inhibitors, weeds susceptible to ALS-inhibitors, or weeds susceptible to synthetic auxin herbicides, all neural networks evaluated in this study achieved excellent F(1) scores (>/=0.995) and MCC values (>/=0.994) in the validation and testing datasets. ResNet demonstrated the fastest inference rate and outperformed the other convolutional neural networks on detection efficiency, while the slow inference of EfficientNet-v2 may limit its potential applications. Grouping different weed species growing in turf according to their susceptibility to herbicides and detecting and distinguishing weeds by herbicide categories enables the implementation of herbicide susceptibility-based precision herbicide application. We conclude that the proposed method is an effective strategy for site-specific weed detection in turf, which can be employed in a smart sprayer to achieve precision herbicide spraying.
PMID: 36818827
Front Plant Sci , IF:5.753 , 2023 , V14 : P1107550 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1107550
Overdominant expression of genes plays a key role in root growth of tobacco hybrids.
College of Tobacco, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.; Key Laboratory of Tobacco Quality in Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China.; College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.
Heterosis has greatly improved the yield and quality of crops. However, previous studies often focused on improving the yield and quality of the shoot system, while research on the root system was neglected. We determined the root numbers of 12 F(1) hybrids, all of which showed strong heterosis, indicating that tobacco F(1) hybrids have general heterosis. To understand its molecular mechanism, we selected two hybrids with strong heterosis, GJ (G70 x Jiucaiping No.2) and KJ (K326 x Jiucaiping No.2), and their parents for transcriptome analysis. There were 84.22% and 90.25% of the differentially expressed genes were overdominantly expressed. The enrichment analysis of these overdominantly expressed genes showed that "Plant hormone signal transduction", "Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis", "MAPK signaling pathway - plant", and "Starch and sucrose metabolism" pathways were associated with root development. We focused on the analysis of the biosynthetic pathways of auxin(AUX), cytokinins(CTK), abscisic acid(ABA), ethylene(ET), and salicylic acid(SA), suggesting that overdominant expression of these hormone signaling pathway genes may enhance root development in hybrids. In addition, Nitab4.5_0011528g0020ã€<81>Nitab4.5_0003282g0020ã€<81>Nitab4.5_0004384g0070 may be the genes involved in root growth. Genome-wide comparative transcriptome analysis enhanced our understanding of the regulatory network of tobacco root development and provided new ideas for studying the molecular mechanisms of tobacco root development.
PMID: 36798711
Theor Appl Genet , IF:5.699 , 2023 Mar , V136 (3) : P29 doi: 10.1007/s00122-023-04325-x
BnaC01.BIN2, a GSK3-like kinase, modulates plant height and yield potential in Brassica napus.
Crop Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China.; Hunan Hybrid Rapeseed Engineering and Technology Research Center, Changsha, 410125, China.; Crop Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China. limei1230@126.com.; Hunan Hybrid Rapeseed Engineering and Technology Research Center, Changsha, 410125, China. limei1230@126.com.; Crop Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China. wangtonghua2014@163.com.; Hunan Hybrid Rapeseed Engineering and Technology Research Center, Changsha, 410125, China. wangtonghua2014@163.com.
Using map-based cloning and transgenic transformation, we revealed that glycogen kinase synthase 3-like kinase, BnaC01.BIN2, modulates plant height and yield in rapeseed. The modification of plant height is one of the most important goals in rapeseed breeding. Although several genes that regulate rapeseed plant height have been identified, the genetics mechanisms underlying rapeseed plant height regulation remain poorly understood, and desirable genetic resources for rapeseed ideotype breeding are scarce. Here, we map-based cloned and functionally verified that the rapeseed semi-dominant gene, BnDF4, greatly affects rapeseed plant height. Specifically, BnDF4 encodes brassinosteroid (BR)-insensitive 2, a glycogen synthase kinase 3 primarily expressed in the lower internodes to modulate rapeseed plant height by blocking basal internode-cell elongation. Transcriptome data showed that several cell expansion-related genes involving auxin and BRs pathways were significantly downregulated in the semi-dwarf mutant. Heterozygosity in the BnDF4 allele results in small stature with no marked differences in other agronomic traits. Using BnDF4 in the heterozygous condition, the hybrid displayed strong yield heterosis through optimum intermediate plant height. Our results provide a desirable genetic resource for breeding semi-dwarf rapeseed phenotypes and support an effective strategy for breeding rapeseed hybrid varieties with strong yield heterosis.
PMID: 36867248
Front Microbiol , IF:5.64 , 2023 , V14 : P1131212 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1131212
Transcriptome analysis of auxin transcription factor OsARF17-mediated rice stripe mosaic virus response in rice.
State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
INTRODUCTION: Plant auxin response factors (ARFs) play an irreplaceable role in regulating the expression of auxin response genes. Our previous studies have indicated that auxin response factor OsARF17 plays a crucial role in plant defense against diverse rice viruses. METHODS: Utilizing a comparative transcriptome analysis of Rice stripe mosaic virus (RSMV)-inoculated OsARF17 mutant rice plants, to further elucidate the molecular mechanism of OsARF17 in antiviral defense pathway. RESULTS: KEGG enrichment analyses showed that the down-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) belonged to plant-pathogen interaction and plant hormone signal transduction pathways were markedly enriched in OsARF17 mutants under RSMV inoculation. Furthermore, Gene ontology (GO) analyses revealed that these genes were enriched in a variety of hormone biosynthetic process, including jasmonic acid (JA), auxin, and abscisic acid (ABA). RT-qPCR assays showed that the induction of plant defense-related genes, such as WRKY transcription factors, OsAHT2 and OsDR8, and JA-related genes, were significantly suppressed in OsARF17 mutants in response to RSMV. DISCUSSION: Our study reveals that OsARF17-mediated antiviral immunity may be achieved through affecting the interaction between different phytohormones and regulating defense gene expression in rice. This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of auxin signaling in the rice-virus interaction.
PMID: 36970706
Front Microbiol , IF:5.64 , 2023 , V14 : P1022248 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1022248
Optimization of the growth conditions through response surface methodology and metabolomics for maximizing the auxin production by Pantoea agglomerans C1.
Department for Innovation in Biological, Agrofood and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy.; CREA Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy.; OloBion-OMICS LIFE LAB, Barcelona, Spain.
INTRODUCTION: The fermentative production of auxin/indole 3-acetate (IAA) using selected Pantoea agglomerans strains can be a promising approach to developing novel plant biostimulants for agriculture use. METHODS: By integrating metabolomics and fermentation technologies, this study aimed to define the optimal culture conditions to obtain auxin/IAA-enriched plant postbiotics using P. agglomerans strain C1. Metabolomics analysis allowed us to demonstrate that the production of a selected. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Array of compounds with plant growth-promoting- (IAA and hypoxanthine) and biocontrol activity (NS-5, cyclohexanone, homo-L-arginine, methyl hexadecenoic acid, and indole-3-carbinol) can be stimulated by cultivating this strain on minimal saline medium amended with sucrose as a carbon source. We applied a three-level-two-factor central composite design (CCD) based response surface methodology (RSM) to explore the impact of the independent variables (rotation speed and medium liquid-to-flask volume ratio) on the production of IAA and IAA precursors. The ANOVA component of the CCD indicated that all the process-independent variables investigated significantly impacted the auxin/IAA production by P. agglomerans strain C1. The optimum values of variables were a rotation speed of 180 rpm and a medium liquid-to-flask volume ratio of 1:10. Using the CCD-RSM method, we obtained a maximum indole auxin production of 208.3 +/- 0.4 mg IAA(equ)/L, which was a 40% increase compared to the growth conditions used in previous studies. Targeted metabolomics allowed us to demonstrate that the IAA product selectivity and the accumulation of the IAA precursor indole-3-pyruvic acid were significantly affected by the increase in the rotation speed and the aeration efficiency.
PMID: 36970660
Front Microbiol , IF:5.64 , 2023 , V14 : P1142966 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1142966
Biopriming of seed with plant growth-promoting bacteria for improved germination and seedling growth.
Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
Several seed priming methods can be used to improve seed germination, seedling vigor, and to overcome abiotic stress. In addition to these benefits, only the biopriming method provides the additional benefit of biotic stress management, earning it special attention. Seed biopriming is useful in almost all crops around the world and is an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical fungicides. Biopriming usually refers to use of beneficial microorganisms, in particular plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) able to survive under various harsh environmental conditions. In this study, various bacterial strains were isolated from samples of different origins, i.e., rhizospheric soil, desert sand, and sea mud. Preliminary screening of 156 bacterial isolates was conducted on the basis of their potassium (K), phosphorus (P) solubilization ability, and production of plant growth hormone, i.e., indole acetic acid (IAA). The most efficient bacteria were identified by 16S rRNA gene nucleotide sequences and further examined for their ACC deaminase activity, ammonia production, and biocontrol activity (defined via chitinolytic activity, HCN, and siderophores production). Finally, carrot seed germination assay was conducted with 10 shortlisted most potent isolates. 68.6, 58.3, and 66.7% of tested bacterial isolates were capable of P, K, and Zn solubilization, respectively. Klebsiella aerogenes AF3II1 showed the highest P and K solubilization, while isolate AF4II5, AF7II3, and PC3 showed the highest IAA synthesis ability. Serratia plymuthica EDC15 and Pseudomonas putida AF1I1 showed the strongest chitinolytic and siderophore production activity, respectively. Seven isolates demonstrated strong HCN production ability. Five isolates improved carrot seed germination. Only selected isolates with plant growth-promoting properties can improve carrot germination. The results of this study demonstrate that mainly auxins are involved in seed germination. Furthermore, the data suggest that phosphate solubilization ability may play an additional role in seed germination.
PMID: 36925481
Front Microbiol , IF:5.64 , 2023 , V14 : P1130848 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1130848
Bio-removal of rare earth elements from hazardous industrial waste of CFL bulbs by the extremophile red alga Galdieria sulphuraria.
Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Trebon, Czechia.; Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Institute of Aquaculture and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia.; Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, IMC FH Krems, Krems, Austria.; Laboratory of Predictive Toxicology, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czechia.; Centre for Phycology, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Trebon, Czechia.
In recent decades, a shift has been seen in the use of light-emitting diodes over incandescent lights and compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), which eventually led to an increase in wastes of electrical equipment (WEE), especially fluorescent lamps (FLs) and CFL light bulbs. These widely used CFL lights, and their wastes are good sources of rare earth elements (REEs), which are desirable in almost every modern technology. Increased demand for REEs and their irregular supply have exerted pressure on us to seek alternative sources that may fulfill this demand in an eco-friendly manner. Bio-removal of wastes containing REEs, and their recycling may be a solution to this problem and could balance environmental and economic benefits. To address this problem, the current study focuses on the use of the extremophilic red alga, Galdieria sulphuraria, for bioaccumulation/removal of REEs from hazardous industrial wastes of CFL bulbs and the physiological response of a synchronized culture of G. sulphuraria. A CFL acid extract significantly affected growth, photosynthetic pigments, quantum yield, and cell cycle progression of this alga. A synchronous culture was able to efficiently accumulate REEs from a CFL acid extract and efficiency was increased by including two phytohormones, i.e., 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP - Cytokinin family) and 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA - Auxin family).
PMID: 36860487
Mar Drugs , IF:5.118 , 2023 Feb , V21 (3) doi: 10.3390/md21030142
Protist-Lactic Acid Bacteria Co-Culture as a Strategy to Bioaccumulate Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Protist Aurantiochytrium sp. T66.
Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Agropecuarias, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Catolica de Temuco, Rudecindo Ortega 02950, Temuco 4780000, Chile.; Biotechnology of Functional Foods Laboratory, Camino Sanquilco, Parcela 18, Padre Las Casas 4850827, Chile.; Laboratorio de Ecologia Microbiana Aplicada (EMALAB), Departamento de Ciencias Quimicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile.; Center of Plant, Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile.; Departamento de Ciencia Agropecuarias y Acuicolas, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Catolica de Temuco, Temuco 4780694, Chile.; Nucleo de Investigacion en Produccion Alimentaria, Universidad Catolica de Temuco, Rudecindo Ortega 02950, Temuco 4780694, Chile.; Center for Innovation and Developmentin Food Industry CAISIAL, University of Naples Federico II, Via Universita, 133 Portici, Italy.; Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile.; Laboratorio de Investigacion en Salud de Precision, Departamento de Procesos Diagnostico y Evaluacion, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Catolica de Temuco, Manuel Montt 56, Campus San Francisco, Temuco 4791086, Chile.
Thraustochytrids are aquatic unicellular protists organisms that represent an important reservoir of a wide range of bioactive compounds, such as essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as arachidonic acid (ARA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), which are involved in the regulation of the immune system. In this study, we explore the use of co-cultures of Aurantiochytrium sp. and bacteria as a biotechnological tool capable of stimulating PUFA bioaccumulation. In particular, the co-culture of lactic acid bacteria and the protist Aurantiochytrium sp. T66 induce PUFA bioaccumulation, and the lipid profile was evaluated in cultures at different inoculation times, with two different strains of lactic acid bacteria capable of producing the tryptophan dependent auxins, and one strain of Azospirillum sp., as a reference for auxin production. Our results showed that the Lentilactobacillus kefiri K6.10 strain inoculated at 72 h gives the best PUFA content (30.89 mg g(-1) biomass) measured at 144 h of culture, three times higher than the control (8.87 mg g(-1) biomass). Co-culture can lead to the generation of complex biomasses with higher added value for developing aquafeed supplements.
PMID: 36976191
Plant Methods , IF:4.993 , 2023 Mar , V19 (1) : P31 doi: 10.1186/s13007-023-01005-1
Fast-track transformation and genome editing in Brachypodium distachyon.
Universite Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000, Versailles, France.; Universite Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000, Versailles, France. oumaya.bouchabke@inrae.fr.
BACKGROUND: Even for easy-to-transform species or genotypes, the creation of transgenic or edited plant lines remains a significant bottleneck. Thus, any technical advance that accelerates the regeneration and transformation process is welcome. So far, methods to produce Brachypodium distachyon (Bd) transgenics span at least 14 weeks from the start of tissue culture to the recovery of regenerated plantlets. RESULTS: We have previously shown that embryogenic somatic tissues grow in the scutellum of immature zygotic Bd embryos within 3 days of in vitro induction with exogenous auxin and that the development of secondary embryos can be initiated immediately thereafter. Here, we further demonstrate that such pluripotent reactive tissues can be genetically transformed with Agrobacterium tumefaciens right after the onset of somatic embryogenesis. In brief, immature zygotic embryos are induced for callogenesis for one week, co-cultured with Agrobacterium for three days, then incubated on callogenesis selective medium for three weeks, and finally transferred on selective regeneration medium for up to three weeks to obtain plantlets ready for rooting. This 7-to-8-week procedure requires only three subcultures. Its validation includes the molecular and phenotype characterization of Bd lines carrying transgenic cassettes and novel CRISPR/Cas9-generated mutations in two independent loci coding for nitrate reductase enzymes (BdNR1 and BdNR2). CONCLUSIONS: With a short callogenesis stage and streamlined in vitro regeneration following co-cultivation with Agrobacterium, transgenic and edited T0 Bd plantlets can be produced in about 8 weeks, a gain of one to two months compared to previously published methods, with no reduction in transformation efficiency and at lower costs.
PMID: 36991448
Plant Cell Physiol , IF:4.927 , 2023 Mar , V64 (2) : P191-203 doi: 10.1093/pcp/pcac157
Photosynthetic-Product-Dependent Activation of Plasma Membrane H+-ATPase and Nitrate Uptake in Arabidopsis Leaves.
Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan.; Department of Biological Chemistry, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, 487-8501 Japan.; Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan.; Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan.
Plasma membrane (PM) proton-translocating adenosine triphosphatase (H+-ATPase) is a pivotal enzyme for plant growth and development that acts as a primary transporter and is activated by phosphorylation of the penultimate residue, threonine, at the C-terminus. Small Auxin-Up RNA family proteins maintain the phosphorylation level via inhibiting dephosphorylation of the residue by protein phosphatase 2C-D clade. Photosynthetically active radiation activates PM H+-ATPase via phosphorylation in mesophyll cells of Arabidopsis thaliana, and phosphorylation of PM H+-ATPase depends on photosynthesis and photosynthesis-related sugar supplementation, such as sucrose, fructose and glucose. However, the molecular mechanism and physiological role of photosynthesis-dependent PM H+-ATPase activation are still unknown. Analysis using sugar analogs, such as palatinose, turanose and 2-deoxy glucose, revealed that sucrose metabolites and products of glycolysis such as pyruvate induce phosphorylation of PM H+-ATPase. Transcriptome analysis showed that the novel isoform of the Small Auxin-Up RNA genes, SAUR30, is upregulated in a light- and sucrose-dependent manner. Time-course analyses of sucrose supplementation showed that the phosphorylation level of PM H+-ATPase increased within 10 min, but the expression level of SAUR30 increased later than 10 min. The results suggest that two temporal regulations may participate in the regulation of PM H+-ATPase. Interestingly, a 15NO3- uptake assay in leaves showed that light increases 15NO3- uptake and that increment of 15NO3- uptake depends on PM H+-ATPase activity. The results opened the possibility of the physiological role of photosynthesis-dependent PM H+-ATPase activation in the uptake of NO3-. We speculate that PM H+-ATPase may connect photosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism in leaves.
PMID: 36705265
Plant Cell Physiol , IF:4.927 , 2023 Mar , V64 (2) : P149-151 doi: 10.1093/pcp/pcad007
Wound-Induced Rooting in Plants-A big BIG ROle Emerges for Calcium and Auxin.
Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan.
PMID: 36688580
Plant Cell Physiol , IF:4.927 , 2023 Mar , V64 (2) : P152-164 doi: 10.1093/pcp/pcac163
Mapping of the Classical Mutation rosette Highlights a Role for Calcium in Wound-Induced Rooting.
The Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew University, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.; Instituto de Bioingenieria, Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche 03202, Spain.; Departamento de Nutricion Vegetal, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia 30100, Spain.; Departamento de Biologia Vegetal (Fisiologia Vegetal), Universidad de Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain.
Removal of the root system induces the formation of new roots from the remaining shoot. This process is primarily controlled by the phytohormone auxin, which interacts with other signals in a yet unresolved manner. Here, we study the classical tomato mutation rosette (ro), which lacks shoot-borne roots. ro mutants were severely inhibited in formation of wound-induced roots (WiRs) and had reduced auxin transport rates. We mapped ro to the tomato ortholog of the Arabidopsis thaliana BIG and the mammalians UBR4/p600. RO/BIG is a large protein of unknown biochemical function. In A. thaliana, BIG was implicated in regulating auxin transport and calcium homeostasis. We show that exogenous calcium inhibits WiR formation in tomato and A. thaliana ro/big mutants. Exogenous calcium antagonized the root-promoting effects of the auxin indole-3-acetic-acid but not of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, an auxin analog that is not recognized by the polar transport machinery, and accumulation of the auxin transporter PIN-FORMED1 (PIN1) was sensitive to calcium levels in the ro/big mutants. Consistent with a role for calcium in mediating auxin transport, both ro/big mutants and calcium-treated wild-type plants were hypersensitive to treatment with polar auxin transport inhibitors. Subcellular localization of BIG suggests that, like its mammalian ortholog, it is associated with the endoplasmic reticulum. Analysis of subcellular morphology revealed that ro/big mutants exhibited disruption in cytoplasmic streaming. We suggest that RO/BIG maintains auxin flow by stabilizing PIN membrane localization, possibly by attenuating the inhibitory effect of Ca2+ on cytoplasmic streaming.
PMID: 36398993
Plant Cell Physiol , IF:4.927 , 2023 Mar , V64 (3) : P284-290 doi: 10.1093/pcp/pcac155
Arrest, Senescence and Death of Shoot Apical Stem Cells in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China.; Henry Fok School of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China.; Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma 630-0192 Japan.
Shoot stem cells act as the source of the aboveground parts of flowering plants. A precise regulatory basis is required to ensure that plant stem cells show the right status during the stages of proliferation, senescence and cell death. Over the past few decades, the genetic circuits controlling stem cell fate, including the regulatory pathways of establishment, maintenance and differentiation, have been largely revealed. However, the morphological changes and molecular mechanisms of the final stages of stem cells, which are represented by senescence and cell death, have been less studied. The senescence and death of shoot stem cells are under the control of a complex series of pathways that integrate multiple internal and external signals. Given the crucial roles of shoot stem cells in influencing plant longevity and crop yields, researchers have attempted to uncover details of stem cell senescence and death. Recent studies indicate that stem cell activity arrest is controlled by the FRUITFULL-APETALA2 pathway and the plant hormones auxin and cytokinin, while the features of senescent and dead shoot apical stem cells have also been described, with dynamic changes in reactive oxygen species implicated in stem cell death. In this review, we highlight the recent breakthroughs that have enriched our understanding of senescence and cell death processes in plant stem cells.
PMID: 36331512
Plant Cell Physiol , IF:4.927 , 2023 Mar , V64 (2) : P165-175 doi: 10.1093/pcp/pcac153
High Expression of ALTERNATIVE OXIDASE 2 in Latent Axillary Buds Suggests Its Key Role in Quiescence Maintenance in Rosebush.
Institut Agro Rennes-Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, University of Angers, 42 Rue Georges Morel, Angers 49000, France.
Most vegetative axes remain quiescent as dormant axillary buds until metabolic and hormonal signals, driven by environmental changes, trigger bud outgrowth. While the resumption of growth activity is well documented, the establishment and maintenance of quiescence is comparatively poorly understood, despite its major importance in the adaptation of plants to the seasonal cycle or in the establishment of their shape. Here, using the rosebush Rosa hybrida 'Radrazz' as a plant model, we highlighted that the quiescent state was the consequence of an internal and active energy control of buds, under the influence of hormonal factors previously identified in the bud outgrowth process. We found that the quiescent state in the non-growing vegetative axis of dormant axillary buds displayed a low energy state along with a high expression of the ALTERNATIVE OXIDASE 2 (AOX2) and the accumulation of the corresponding protein. Conversely, AOX2 expression and protein amount strongly decreased during bud burst as energy status shifted to a high state, allowing growth. Since AOX2 can deviate electrons from the cytochrome pathway in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, it could drastically reduce the formation of ATP, which would result in a low energy status unfavorable for growth activities. We provide evidence that the presence/absence of AOX2 in quiescent/growing vegetative axes of buds was under hormonal control and thus may constitute the mechanistic basis of both quiescence and sink strength manifestation, two important aspects of budbreak.
PMID: 36287074
Plant Cell Physiol , IF:4.927 , 2023 Mar , V64 (3) : P305-316 doi: 10.1093/pcp/pcac146
Auxin-Induced WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX13 Mediates Asymmetric Activity of Callus Formation upon Cutting.
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2181 Japan.; Advanced Instrumental Analysis Center, Teikyo University, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-8551 Japan.; Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-8551 Japan.; Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192 Japan.; Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 641-12 Maioka, Yokohama, 244-0813 Japan.; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan.; Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 119-0033 Japan.
Plants have the regenerative ability to reconnect cut organs, which is physiologically important to survive severe tissue damage. The ability to reconnect organs is utilized as grafting to combine two different individuals. Callus formation at the graft junction facilitates organ attachment and vascular reconnection. While it is well documented that local wounding signals provoke callus formation, how callus formation is differentially regulated at each cut end remains elusive. Here, we report that callus formation activity is asymmetrical between the top and bottom cut ends and is regulated by differential auxin accumulation. Gene expression analyses revealed that cellular auxin response is preferentially upregulated in the top part of the graft. Disruption of polar auxin transport inhibited callus formation from the top, while external application of auxin was sufficient to induce callus formation from the bottom, suggesting that asymmetric auxin accumulation is responsible for active callus formation from the top end. We further found that the expression of a key regulator of callus formation, WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX 13 (WOX13), is induced by auxin. The ectopic callus formation from the bottom end, which is triggered by locally supplemented auxin, requires WOX13 function, demonstrating that WOX13 plays a pivotal role in auxin-dependent callus formation. The asymmetric WOX13 expression is observed both in grafted petioles and incised inflorescence stems, underscoring the generality of our findings. We propose that efficient organ reconnection is achieved by a combination of local wounding stimuli and disrupted long-distance signaling.
PMID: 36263676
Plant Cell Physiol , IF:4.927 , 2023 Feb , V64 (1) : P80-93 doi: 10.1093/pcp/pcac142
Loss of MYB34 Transcription Factor Supports the Backward Evolution of Indole Glucosinolate Biosynthesis in a Subclade of the Camelineae Tribe and Releases the Feedback Loop in This Pathway in Arabidopsis.
Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, Poznan 61-704, Poland.; Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 34, Poznan 60-479, Poland.; Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 6, Poznan 61-614, Poland.
Glucosinolates are specialized defensive metabolites characteristic of the Brassicales order. Among them, aliphatic and indolic glucosinolates (IGs) are usually highly abundant in species from the Brassicaceae family. The exceptions this trend are species representing a subclade of the Camelineae tribe, including Capsella and Camelina genera, which have reduced capacity to produce and metabolize IGs. Our study addresses the contribution of specific glucosinolate-related myeloblastosis (MYB) transcription factors to this unprecedented backward evolution of IG biosynthesis. To this end, we performed phylogenomic and functional studies of respective MYB proteins. The obtained results revealed weakened conservation of glucosinolate-related MYB transcription factors, including loss of functional MYB34 protein, in the investigated species. We showed that the introduction of functional MYB34 from Arabidopsis thaliana partially restores IG biosynthesis in Capsella rubella, indicating that the loss of this transcription factor contributes to the backward evolution of this metabolic pathway. Finally, we performed an analysis of the impact of particular myb mutations on the feedback loop in IG biosynthesis, which drives auxin overproduction, metabolic dysregulation and strong growth retardation caused by mutations in IG biosynthetic genes. This uncovered the unique function of MYB34 among IG-related MYBs in this feedback regulation and consequently in IG conservation in Brassicaceae plants.
PMID: 36222356
Biomolecules , IF:4.879 , 2023 Feb , V13 (2) doi: 10.3390/biom13020299
The Role of a Cytokinin Antagonist in the Progression of Clubroot Disease.
Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.; Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
Plasmodiophora brassicae is an obligate biotrophic pathogen causing clubroot disease in cruciferous plants. Infected plant organs are subject to profound morphological changes, the roots form characteristic galls, and the leaves are chlorotic and abscise. The process of gall formation is governed by timely changes in the levels of endogenous plant hormones that occur throughout the entire life cycle of the clubroot pathogen. The homeostasis of two plant hormones, cytokinin and auxin, appears to be crucial for club development. To investigate the role of cytokinin and auxin in gall formation, we used metabolomic and transcriptomic profiling of Arabidopsis thaliana infected with clubroot, focusing on the late stages of the disease, where symptoms were more pronounced. Loss-of-function mutants of three cytokinin receptors, AHK2, AHK3, and CRE1/AHK4, were employed to further study the homeostasis of cytokinin in response to disease progression; ahk double mutants developed characteristic symptoms of the disease, albeit with varying intensity. The most susceptible to clubroot disease was the ahk3 ahk4 double mutant, as revealed by measuring its photosynthetic performance. Quantification of phytohormone levels and pharmacological treatment with the cytokinin antagonist PI-55 showed significant changes in the levels of endogenous cytokinin and auxin, which was manifested by both enhanced and reduced development of disease symptoms in different genotypes.
PMID: 36830668
Pest Manag Sci , IF:4.845 , 2023 Apr , V79 (4) : P1305-1315 doi: 10.1002/ps.7294
The differential binding and biological efficacy of auxin herbicides.
School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.; Corteva Agriscience, Crop Protection Discovery & Development, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
BACKGROUND: Auxin herbicides have been used for selective weed control for 75 years and they continue to be amongst the most widely used weed control agents globally. The auxin herbicides fall into five chemical classes, with two herbicides not classified, and in all cases it is anticipated that recognition in the plant starts with binding to the Transport Inhibitor Response 1 (TIR1) family of auxin receptors. There is evidence that some classes of auxins act selectively with certain clades of receptors, although a comprehensive structure-activity relationship has not been available. RESULTS: Using purified receptor proteins to measure binding efficacy we have conducted quantitative structure activity relationship (qSAR) assays using representative members of the three receptor clades in Arabidopsis, TIR1, AFB2 and AFB5. Complementary qSAR data for biological efficacy at the whole-plant level using root growth inhibition and foliar phytotoxicity assays have also been analyzed for each family of auxin herbicides, including for the afb5-1 receptor mutant line. CONCLUSIONS: Comparisons of all these assays highlight differences in receptor selectivity and some systematic differences between results for binding in vitro and activity in vivo. The results could provide insights into weed spectrum differences between the different classes of auxin herbicides, as well as the potential resistance and cross-resistance implications for this herbicide class. (c) 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
PMID: 36458868
Rice (N Y) , IF:4.783 , 2023 Feb , V16 (1) : P9 doi: 10.1186/s12284-023-00626-3
Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzyme OsUBC11 Affects the Development of Roots via Auxin Pathway.
State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China.; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; Hinggan League Institute of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hinggan League, 137400, Inner Mongolia, China.; Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.; Hinggan League Institute of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hinggan League, 137400, Inner Mongolia, China. xxjclean@126.com.; State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China. fangjun@iga.ac.cn.
Rice has 48 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, and the functions of most of these enzymes have not been elucidated. In the present study, a T-DNA insertional mutant named R164, which exhibited a significant decrease in the length of primary and lateral roots, was used as the experimental material to explore the potential function of OsUBC11. Analysis using the SEFA-PCR method showed that the T-DNA insertion was present in the promoter region of OsUBC11 gene, which encodes ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2), and activates its expression. Biochemical experiments showed that OsUBC11 is a lysine-48-linked ubiquitin chain-forming conjugase. OsUBC11 overexpression lines showed the same root phenotypes. These results demonstrated that OsUBC11 was involved in root development. Further analyses showed that the IAA content of R164 mutant and OE3 line were significantly lower compared with wild-type Zhonghua11. Application of exogenous NAA restored the length of lateral and primary roots in R164 and OsUBC11 overexpression lines. Expression of the auxin synthesis regulating gene OsYUCCA4/6/7/9, the auxin transport gene OsAUX1, auxin/indole-3-acetic acid (Aux/IAA) family gene OsIAA31, auxin response factor OsARF16 and root regulator key genes, including OsWOX11, OsCRL1, OsCRL5 was significantly down-regulated in OsUBC11 overexpressing plants. Collectively, these results indicate that OsUBC11 modulates auxin signaling, ultimately affecting root development at the rice seedling stage.
PMID: 36808375
Plant Sci , IF:4.729 , 2023 Mar : P111686 doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111686
Conservation and divergence of flg22, pep1 and nlp20 in activation of immune response and inhibition of root development.
College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, PR China.; College of Horticulture, FAFU-UCR Joint Center and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China.; Lusyno Biotech Ltd., Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.; College of Horticulture, FAFU-UCR Joint Center and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China. Electronic address: wus@fafu.edu.cn.; College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, PR China. Electronic address: yicai@sicau.edu.cn.
Many pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) and their corresponding ligands have been identified. However, it is largely unknown how similar and different these ligands are in inducing plant innate immunity and affecting plant development. In this study, we examined three well characterized ligands in Arabidopsis thaliana, namely flagellin 22 (flg22), plant elicitor peptide 1 (pep1) and a conserved 20-amino-acid fragment found in most necrosis and ethylene-inducing peptide 1-like proteins (nlp20). Our quantitative analyses detected the differences in amplitude in the early immune responses of these ligands, with nlp20-induced responses typically being slower than those mediated by flg22 and pep1. RNA sequencing showed the shared differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was mostly enriched in defense response, whereas nlp20-regulated genes represent only a fraction of those genes differentially regulated by flg22 and pep1. The three elicitors all inhibited primary root growth, especially pep1, which inhibited both auxin transport and signaling pathway. In addition, pep1 significantly inhibited the cell division and genes involved in cell cycle. Compared with flg22 and nlp20, pep1 induced much stronger expression of its receptor in roots, suggesting a potential positive feedback regulation in the activation of immune response. Despite PRRs and their co-receptor BAK1 were necessary for both PAMP induced immune response and root growth inhibition, bik1 mutant only showed impaired defense response but relatively normal root growth inhibition, suggesting BIK1 acts differently in these two biological processes.
PMID: 36963637
Plant Sci , IF:4.729 , 2023 Mar , V331 : P111677 doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111677
Dysfunction of GmVPS8a causes compact plant architecture in soybean.
Soybean Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, National Center for Soybean Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture), National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.; National Soybean Improvement Center Shijiazhuang Sub-Center, North China Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding of Hebei, Cereal & Oil Crop Institute, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China.; The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China. Electronic address: liubin05@caas.cn.; Soybean Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, National Center for Soybean Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture), National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China. Electronic address: tjzhao@njau.edu.cn.
Vacuolar Protein Sorting 8 (Vps8) protein is a specific subunit of the class C core vacuole/endosome tethering (CORVET) complex that plays a key role in endosomal trafficking in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). However, its functions remain largely unclear in plant vegetative growth. Here, we identified a soybean (Glycine max) T4219 mutant characterized with compact plant architecture. Map-based cloning targeted to a candidate gene GmVPS8a (Glyma.07g049700) and further found that two nucleotides deletion in the first exon of GmVPS8a causes a premature termination of the encoded protein in the T4219 mutant. Its functions were validated by CRISPR/Cas9-engineered mutation in the GmVPS8a gene that recapitulated the T4219 mutant phenotypes. Furthermore, NbVPS8a-silenced tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) plants exhibited similar phenotypes to the T4219 mutant, suggesting its conserved roles in plant growth. The GmVPS8a is widely expressed in multiple organs and its protein interacts with GmAra6a and GmRab5a. Combined analysis of transcriptomic and proteomic data revealed that dysfunction of GmVPS8a mainly affects pathways on auxin signal transduction, sugar transport and metabolism, and lipid metabolism. Collectively, our work reveals the function of GmVPS8a in plant architecture, which may extend a new way for genetic improvement of ideal plant-architecture breeding in soybean and other crops.
PMID: 36931563
Plant Sci , IF:4.729 , 2023 May , V330 : P111666 doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111666
Genome-wide identification and characterization of long non-coding RNA in barley roots in response to Piriformospora indica colonization.
School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China. Electronic address: liangli@hebut.edu.cn.; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China.; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China. Electronic address: jackeikee@hebut.edu.cn.
Currently, there is very limited information about long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) found in barley. It remains unclear whether barley lncRNAs are responsive to Piriformospora indica (P. indica) colonization.We found that barley roots exhibited fast development and that large roots branched after P. indica colonization. Genome-wide high-throughput RNA-seq and bioinformatic analysis showed that 4356 and 5154 differentially expressed LncRNAs (DELs) were found in response to P. indica at 3 and 7 days after colonization (dai), respectively, and 2456 DELs were found at 7 dai compared to 3 dai. Based on the coexpression correlation of lncRNAmRNA, we found that 98.6% of lncRNAs were positively correlated with 3430 mRNAs at 3 dai and 7 dai. Further GO analysis showed that 30 lncRNAs might be involved in the regulation of gene transcription; 23 lncRNAs might participate in cell cycle regulation. Moreover, the metabolite analysis indicated that chlorophyll a, sucrose, protein, gibberellin, and auxin were in accordance with the results of the transcriptome, and the respective lncRNAs were positively correlated with these target RNAs. Gene silencing suggested that lncRNA TCONS_00262342 is probably a key regulator of GA(3) synthesis pathway, which participates in P. indica and barley interactions. We concluded that acting as a molecular material basis and resource, lncRNAs respond to P. indica colonization by regulating metabolite content in barley and coordinate the complex regulatory process of higher life by constructing highly positive correlations with their target mRNAs.
PMID: 36858207
Plant Sci , IF:4.729 , 2023 May , V330 : P111638 doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111638
SlGH3.15, a member of the GH3 gene family, regulates lateral root development and gravitropism response by modulating auxin homeostasis in tomato.
National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.; Vegetable Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, 530007, China.; Department of Plant Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA.; National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China. Electronic address: zhangjunhng@mail.hzau.edu.cn.
Multiple Gretchen Hagen 3 (GH3) genes have been implicated in a range of processes in plant growth and development through their roles in maintaining hormonal homeostasis. However, there has only been limited study on the functions of GH3 genes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). In this work, we investigated the important function of SlGH3.15, a member of the GH3 gene family in tomato. Overexpression of SlGH3.15 led to severe dwarfism in both the above- and below-ground sections of the plant, accompanied by a substantial decrease in free IAA content and reduction in the expression of SlGH3.9, a paralog of SlGH3.15. Exogenous supply of IAA negatively affected the elongation of the primary root and partially restored the gravitropism defects in SlGH3.15-overexpression lines. While no phenotypic change was observed in the SlGH3.15 RNAi lines, double knockout lines of SlGH3.15 and SlGH3.9 were less sensitive to treatments with the auxin polar transport inhibitor. Overall, these findings revealed important roles of SlGH3.15 in IAA homeostasis and as a negative regulator of free IAA accumulation and lateral root formation in tomato.
PMID: 36796648
Plant Sci , IF:4.729 , 2023 Apr , V329 : P111625 doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111625
A mutation in CsABCB19 encoding an ATP-binding cassette auxin transporter leads to erect and compact leaf architecture in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.).
State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China. Electronic address: 2018204029@njau.edu.cn.; State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China. Electronic address: 2017204016@njau.edu.cn.; State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China. Electronic address: 2019204035@njau.edu.cn.; State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China. Electronic address: 2020104064@stu.njau.edu.cn.; State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China. Electronic address: 2020104065@stu.njau.edu.cn.; State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China. Electronic address: chunyancheng@njau.edu.cn.; State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China. Electronic address: jfchen@njau.edu.cn.; State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China. Electronic address: qflou@njau.edu.cn.
Leaf architecture, including leaf position and leaf morphology, is a critical component of plant architecture that directly determines plant appearance, photosynthetic utilization, and ultimate productivity. The mechanisms regulating leaf petiole angle and leaf flatness in cucumber remain unclear. In this study, we identified an erect and compact leaf architecture mutant (ecla) from an EMS (ethyl methanesulfonate) -mutagenized cucumber population, which exhibited erect petioles and crinkled leaves. Histological examination revealed significant phenotypic variation in ecla was associated with asymmetric cell expansion. MutMap sequencing combined with genetic mapping revealed that CsaV3_5G037960 is the causative gene for the ecla mutant phenotype. Through protein sequence alignment and Arabidopsis genetic complementation, we identified this gene as a functional direct homolog encoding the ATP-binding cassette transporter AtABCB19, hence named CsABCB19. A nonsynonymous mutation in the eleventh exon of CsABCB19 leads to premature termination of translation. The expression level of CsABCB19 in the ecla mutant was significantly reduced in all tissues compared to the wild type (WT). Transcriptome analysis revealed that auxin and polarity-related genes were significantly differentially expressed in mutant petioles and leaves, compared with those in WT. Auxin assay and exogenous treatment further demonstrated that CsABCB19 regulates leaf architecture by mediating auxin accumulation and transport. Our research is the first report describing the role of the ABCB19 transporter protein in auxin transport controlling cucumber leaf development. Furthermore, this study provides recent insights into the genetic mechanisms conferring morphological diversity and regulation of petiole angle and leaf flattening. DATA AVAILABILITY: The RNA-seq data in this study have been deposited in the NCBI SRA under BioProject accession number PRJNA874548.
PMID: 36758728
Plant Sci , IF:4.729 , 2023 Apr , V329 : P111606 doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111606
pin2 mutant agravitropic root phenotype is conditional and nutrient-sensitive.
IPSiM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France.; Univ New Hampshire, Durham, USA.; IPSiM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France. Electronic address: benjamin.peret@cnrs.fr.
Plants have the capacity to sense and adapt to environmental factors using the phytohormone auxin as a major regulator of tropism and development. Among these responses, gravitropism is essential for plant roots to grow downward in the search for nutrients and water. We discovered a new mutant allele of the auxin efflux transporter PIN2 that revealed that pin2 agravitropic root mutants are conditional and nutrient-sensitive. We describe that nutrient composition of the medium, rather than osmolarity, can revert the agravitropic root phenotype of pin2. Indeed, on phosphorus- and nitrogen-deprived media, the agravitropic root defect was restored independently of primary root growth levels. Slow and fast auxin responses were evaluated using DR5 and R2D2 probes, respectively, and revealed a strong modulation by nutrient composition of the culture medium. We evaluated the role of PIN and AUX auxin transporters and demonstrated that neither PIN3 nor AUX1 are involved in this process. However, we observed the ectopic expression of PIN1 in the epidermis in the pin2 mutant background associated with permissive, but not restrictive, conditions. This ectopic expression was associated with a restoration of the asymmetric accumulation of auxin necessary for the reorientation of the root according to gravity. These observations suggest a strong regulation of auxin distribution by nutrients availability, directly impacting root's ability to drive their gravitropic response.
PMID: 36706868
Plant Sci , IF:4.729 , 2023 Feb , V327 : P111536 doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111536
A 2-bp deletion in the protein kinase domain region of the ERECTA-like receptor kinase gene in cucumber results in short internode phenotype.
School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.; School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China.; School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China. Electronic address: xhchen@yzu.edu.cn.
Cucumber varieties with shortend internodes require less space than regular vining varieties, thus have great significance for germplasm improvement. Here, we found a novel spontaneous cucumber mutant si107 that exhibited short intenodes (si), smaller leaves, fruits, and seeds. The decrease in longitudinal cell length led to the shortened internodes of si107. The genetic analysis revealed a single recessive gene si-2 that was responsible for the mutation. Through multiple lines of evidence, we demonstrated that CsSI is the possible candidate gene for si-2, which encodes an ERECTA leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase. The shortened internode in si107 is attributed to a 2-bp deletion in the protein kinase domain region of this gene. The expression of CsSI was higher in the internodes, petioles, and fruit peels of si107 than in the wild type (WT). The transcriptome analysis between the si107 mutant and WT indicated that differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in the plant hormone signal transduction pathway, in which auxin signal genes comprised the largest group, and all were downregulated in si107. Phytohormone quantitation confirmed that endogenous auxin levels in the stems of si107 were decreased. Our results provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the internode length control in cucumber.
PMID: 36402238
Plant Cell Rep , IF:4.57 , 2023 Mar doi: 10.1007/s00299-023-03002-z
Fusion gene 4CL-CCR promotes lignification in tobacco suspension cells.
State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology , Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.; The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing, 100083, China.; State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology , Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China. gaiying@bjfu.edu.cn.; The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing, 100083, China. gaiying@bjfu.edu.cn.; State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology , Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China. jiangxn@bjfu.edu.cn.; The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing, 100083, China. jiangxn@bjfu.edu.cn.
The fusion gene 4CL-CCR promotes lignification and activates lignin-related MYB expression in tobacco but inhibits auxin-related gene expression and hinders the auxin absorption of cells. Given the importance of lignin polymers in plant growth and their industrial value, it is necessary to investigate how plants synthesize monolignols and regulate the level of lignin in cell walls. In our previous study, expression of the Populus tomentosa fusion gene 4CL-CCR significantly promoted the production of 4-hydroxycinnamyl alcohols. However, the function of 4CL-CCR in organisms remains poorly understood. In this study, the fusion gene 4CL-CCR was heterologously expressed in tobacco suspension cells. We found that the transgenic suspension cells exhibited lignification earlier. Furthermore, 4CL-CCR significantly reduced the content of phenolic acids and increased the content of aldehydes in the medium, which led to an increase in lignin deposition. Moreover, transcriptome results showed that the genes related to lignin synthesis, such as PAL, 4CL, CCoAOMT and CAD, were significantly upregulated in the 4CL-CCR group. The expression of genes related to auxin, such as ARF3, ARF5 and ARF6, was significantly downregulated. The downregulation of auxin affected the expression of transcription factor MYBs. We hypothesize that the upregulated genes MYB306 and MYB315 are involved in the regulation of cell morphogenesis and lignin biosynthesis and eventually enhance lignification in tobacco suspension cells. Our findings provide insight into the function of 4CL-CCR in lignification and how secondary cell walls are formed in plants.
PMID: 36964306
Plant Cell Rep , IF:4.57 , 2023 Feb doi: 10.1007/s00299-023-02990-2
An EMS-induced allele of the brachytic2 gene can reduce plant height in maize.
National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.; Key Laboratory of Breeding Engineering of Anhui Province, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.; National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China. mqqmmq@126.com.; Key Laboratory of Breeding Engineering of Anhui Province, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China. mqqmmq@126.com.
D129 is an EMS-induced mutant with dwarf phenotype, which has important breeding potential to cultivate new varieties suitable for high-density planting in maize Plant height is one of the important agronomic traits that affecting maize planting density, identification of superior dwarf mutants can provide important genetic materials for breeding new varieties suitable for high-density planting. In this study, we identified a dwarf mutant, d129, from maize EMS-induced mutant population. Gene mapping indicated that a G-to-A transition in the second exon of the br2 gene was responsible for the dwarf phenotype of the d129 mutant using MutMap method, which was further validated through allelism testing. Compared with WT plants, the average plant height and ear height of d129 were reduced by 26.67% and 39.43%, respectively, mainly due to a decrease in internode length. Furthermore, the d129 mutant exhibited increased internode diameter, which is important for increasing planting density due to the lodging resistance may be enhanced. Endogenous hormone measurement demonstrated that the contents of IAA and GA3 in the internode of the mutant were significantly lower than that of WT plants. RNA-seq analysis indicated that at least fifteen auxin-responsive and signaling-related genes exhibited differential expression, and some genes involved in cell development and other types of hormone signaling pathways, were also identified from the differential expressed genes. These genes may be related to the reduced hormone contents and decreased elongation of internode cells of the d129 mutant. Our study provided a novel dwarf mutant which can be applied in maize breeding to cultivate new varieties suitable for high-density planting.
PMID: 36754893
Plant Cell Rep , IF:4.57 , 2023 Feb , V42 (2) : P385-394 doi: 10.1007/s00299-022-02965-9
The Aux/IAA protein TaIAA15-1A confers drought tolerance in Brachypodium by regulating abscisic acid signal pathway.
College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, People's Republic of China. pssu2014@163.com.; College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, People's Republic of China.; College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, People's Republic of China. guoshangjing@lcu.edu.cn.
Overexpression of the Aux/IAA protein TaIAA15-1A from wheat improves drought tolerance by regulating the ABA signalling pathway in transgenic Brachypodium. Drought is a major abiotic stress that causes severe crop yield loss. Aux/IAA genes have been shown to be involved in drought stress responses. However, to the best of our knowledge, there has been little research on the molecular mechanism of the wheat Aux/IAA gene in the context of drought tolerance. In this study, we found that expression of the wheat Aux/IAA gene TaIAA15-1A was upregulated by PEG6000, NaCl, SA, JA, IAA and ABA. Transgenic plants overexpressing TaIAA15-1A showed higher drought tolerance than wild-type (WT) plants. The physiological analyses showed that the transgenic lines exhibited a higher survival rate, shoot length, and relative water content than the WT plants. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) were enhanced in transgenic lines, causing a reduction in the hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and superoxide anion radical (O(2)(-)) contents. Transcriptome analysis showed that TaIAA15-1A overexpression alters the expression of these genes involved in the auxin signalling pathway, ABA signalling pathway, phenolamides and antioxidant pathways. The results of exogenous ABA treatment suggested that TaIAA15-1A overexpression increased sensitivity to ABA at the germination and postgermination stages compared to WT plants. These results indicate that TaIAA15-1A plays a positive role in plant drought tolerance by regulating ABA-related genes and improving antioxidative stress ability and has potential application in genetically modified crops.
PMID: 36566287
Plant Cell Rep , IF:4.57 , 2023 Feb , V42 (2) : P287-296 doi: 10.1007/s00299-022-02956-w
Auxin and CmAP1 regulate the reproductive development of axillary buds in Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima).
Engineering and Technology Research Center for Chestnut of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Ruiwangfeng No. 12, Haidian, Beijing, 100093, China.; College of Forestry, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang, 110866, Liaoning, China.; Engineering and Technology Research Center for Chestnut of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Ruiwangfeng No. 12, Haidian, Beijing, 100093, China. lanyanping2000@126.com.
Auxin accumulation upregulates the expression of APETALA1 (CmAP1) and subsequently activates inflorescence primordium development in axillary buds of chestnut. The architecture of fruiting branches is a key determinant of chestnut yield. Normally, axillary buds at the top of mother fruiting branches develop into flowering shoots and bear fruits, and the lower axillary buds develop into vegetative shoots. Decapitation of the upper axillary buds induces the lower buds to develop into flowering shoots. How decapitation modulates the tradeoff between vegetative and reproductive development is unclear. We detected inflorescence primordia within both upper and lower axillary buds on mother fruiting branches. The level of the phytohormones 3-indoleacetic acid (IAA) and trans-zeatin (tZ) increased in the lower axillary buds in response to decapitation. Exogenous application of the synthetic analogues 1-naphthylacetic acid (NAA) or 6-benzyladenine (6-BA) blocked or promoted, respectively, the development of the inflorescence primordia in axillary buds. The transcript levels of the floral identity gene CmAP1 increased in axillary buds following decapitation. An auxin response element TGA-box is present in the CmAP1 promoter and influenced the CmAP1 promoter-driven expression of beta-glucuronidase (GUS) in floral organs in Arabidopsis, suggesting that CmAP1 is induced by auxin. We propose that decapitation releases axillary bud outgrowth from inhibition caused by apical dominance. During this process, decapitation-induced accumulation of auxin induces CmAP1 expression, subsequently promoting the reproductive development of axillary buds.
PMID: 36528704
Plant Cell Rep , IF:4.57 , 2023 Feb , V42 (2) : P371-383 doi: 10.1007/s00299-022-02963-x
The AP2/ERF transcription factor SlERF.J2 functions in hypocotyl elongation and plant height in tomato.
Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.; Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China. chenguoping@cqu.edu.cn.; Room 523, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Campus B, 174 Shapingba Main Street, Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China. chenguoping@cqu.edu.cn.; Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China. huzongli71@163.com.; Room 521, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Campus B, 174 Shapingba Main Street, Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China. huzongli71@163.com.
Our findings indicated that the SlERF.J2-IAA23 module integrates hormonal signals to regulate hypocotyl elongation and plant height in tomato. Light and phytohormones can synergistically regulate photomorphogenesis-related hypocotyl elongation and plant height in tomato. AP2/ERF family genes have been extensively demonstrated to play a role in light signaling and various hormones. In this study, we identified a novel AP2/ERF family gene in tomato, SlERF.J2. Overexpression of SlERF.J2 inhibits hypocotyl elongation and plant height. However, the plant height in the slerf.j2(ko) knockout mutant was not significantly changed compared with the WT. we found that hypocotyl cell elongation and plant height were regulated by a network involving light, auxin and gibberellin signaling, which is mediated by regulatory relationship between SlERF.J2 and IAA23. SlERF.J2 protein could bind to IAA23 promoter and inhibit its expression. In addition, light-dark alternation can activate the transcription of SlERF.J2 and promote the function of SlERF.J2 in photomorphogenesis. Our findings indicated that the SlERF.J2-IAA23 module integrates hormonal signals to regulate hypocotyl elongation and plant height in tomato.
PMID: 36512035
Physiol Plant , IF:4.5 , 2023 Mar : Pe13900 doi: 10.1111/ppl.13900
Silicon ameliorates clubroot responses in canola (Brassica napus): A "multi-omics"-based investigation into possible mechanisms.
Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.; Biology Department, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada.
Clubroot disease, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin, results in severe yield losses in Brassica crops, including canola. Silicon (Si) mitigates several stresses and enhances plant resistance to phytopathogens. We investigated the effects of Si on clubroot disease symptoms in canola at two concentrations of Si, Si: soil in 1:100 w/w (Si1.0) and Si: soil in 1:200 w/w (Si0.5) under greenhouse conditions. In addition, the effects of Si on P. brassicae-induced gene expression, endogenous levels of phytohormones and metabolites were studied using 'omics' approaches. Si application reduced clubroot symptoms and improved plant growth parameters. Gene expression analysis revealed increased transcript-level responses in Si1.0 compared to Si0.5 plants at 7-, 14- and 21-days post-inoculation (dpi). Pathogen-induced transcript-level changes were affected by Si treatment, with genes related to antioxidant activity (e.g., POD, CAT), phytohormone biosynthesis and signalling (e.g., PDF1.2, NPR1, JAZ, IPT, TAA), nitrogen metabolism (e.g., NRT, AAT) and secondary metabolism (e.g., PAL, BCAT4) exhibiting differential expression. Endogenous levels of phytohormones (e.g., auxin, cytokinin), a majority of the amino acids and secondary metabolites (e.g., glucosinolates) were increased at 7 dpi, followed by a decrease at 14- and 21 dpi due to Si-treatment. Stress hormones such as abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) also decreased at the later time points in Si0.5, and Si1.0 treated plants. Si appears to improve clubroot symptoms while enhancing plant growth and associated metabolic processes, including nitrogen metabolism and secondary metabolite biosynthesis.
PMID: 36992551
Physiol Plant , IF:4.5 , 2023 Feb : Pe13878 doi: 10.1111/ppl.13878
Insights into the Environmental Factors Shaping Lateral Root Development.
School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
Roots are important organs of plants. Plants rely on roots for water, nutrients and organic salts. In the whole root system, lateral roots (LRs) account for a large proportion and are critical to the development of the plant. Many environmental factors affect LR development. Therefore, a systematic understanding of these factors can provide a theoretical basis for creating optimal growth conditions for plants. In this paper, the factors affecting LR development are systematically and comprehensively summarized, and the molecular mechanism and regulatory network of LR development are described. Changes in the external environment not only lead to hormone homeostasis in plants but also affect the composition and activity of rhizosphere microbial communities, which in turn affect plants' nitrogen and phosphorus uptake and growth dynamics. LR development is influenced by hormone levels and external environment. In particular, auxin and ABA coordinate with each other to maintain normal LR development. Of course, changes in the external environment are also important for root development, and they affect the intrinsic hormone levels of plants by affecting the accumulation and transport of hormones. For example, nitrogen, phosphorus, ROS, NO, water, drought, light and rhizosphere microorganisms affect LR development and plant tolerance in a variety of ways, including regulating hormone levels. This review summarizes the factors affecting LR development and the regulatory network and points out the direction for future research. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
PMID: 36808102
Molecules , IF:4.411 , 2023 Mar , V28 (6) doi: 10.3390/molecules28062714
Mechanical Stimulation Decreases Auxin and Gibberellic Acid Synthesis but Does Not Affect Auxin Transport in Axillary Buds; It Also Stimulates Peroxidase Activity in Petunia x atkinsiana.
Institute of Horticultural Sciences, Department of Environmental Protection and Dendrology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.; Institute of Information Technology, Department of Artificial Intelligence, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.; Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Horticulture Production Systems, Floriculture, Leibniz University of Hannover, Herrenhauser 2, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
Thigmomorphogenesis (or mechanical stimulation-MS) is a term created by Jaffe and means plant response to natural stimuli such as the blow of the wind, strong rain, or touch, resulting in a decrease in length and an increase of branching as well as an increase in the activity of axillary buds. MS is very well known in plant morphology, but physiological processes controlling plant growth are not well discovered yet. In the current study, we tried to find an answer to the question if MS truly may affect auxin synthesis or transport in the early stage of plant growth, and which physiological factors may be responsible for growth arrest in petunia. According to the results of current research, we noticed that MS affects plant growth but does not block auxin transport from the apical bud. MS arrests IAA and GA(3) synthesis in MS-treated plants over the longer term. The main factor responsible for the thickening of cell walls and the same strengthening of vascular tissues and growth arrestment, in this case, is peroxidase (POX) activity, but special attention should be also paid to AGPs as signaling molecules which also are directly involved in growth regulation as well as in cell wall modifications.
PMID: 36985685
Sci Rep , IF:4.379 , 2023 Mar , V13 (1) : P5173 doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-32063-z
Design and synthesis of strong root gravitropism inhibitors with no concomitant growth inhibition.
Division of Plant Environmental Responses, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan.; Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, 816-8580, Japan.; Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, 816-8580, Japan.; Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.; International Environmental and Agricultural Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.; Institute of Biological Control, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.; Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, 816-8580, Japan. shindo@cm.kyushu-u.ac.jp.
Herein, we describe a highly potent gravitropic bending inhibitor with no concomitant growth inhibition. Previously, we reported that (2Z,4E)-5-phenylpenta-2,4-dienoic acid (ku-76) selectively inhibits root gravitropic bending of lettuce radicles at 5 muM. Based on the structure-activity relationship study of ku-76 as a lead compound, we designed and synthesized various C4-substituted analogs of ku-76. Among the analogs, 4-phenylethynyl analog exhibited the highest potency for gravitropic bending inhibition, which was effective at only 0.01 muM. Remarkably, 4-phenylethynyl analog is much more potent than the known inhibitor, NPA. Substitution in the para position on the aromatic ring of 4-phenylethynyl group was tolerated without diminished activity. In addition, evaluation using Arabidopsis indicated that 4-phenylethynyl analog inhibits gravitropism by affecting auxin distribution in the root tips. Based on the effects on Arabidopsis phenotypes, 4-phenylethynyl analog may be a novel inhibitor that differs in action from the previously reported auxin transport inhibitors.
PMID: 36997582
Sci Rep , IF:4.379 , 2023 Mar , V13 (1) : P5002 doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-31278-4
Long term nitrogen deficiency alters expression of miRNAs and alters nitrogen metabolism and root architecture in Indian dwarf wheat (Triticum sphaerococcum Perc.) genotypes.
Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, India.; Division of Genetics, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, India.; Division of Germplasm Evaluation, ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi, India.; Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, India. lekshmyrnair@gmail.com.
The important roles of plant microRNAs (miRNAs) in adaptation to nitrogen (N) deficiency in different crop species especially cereals (rice, wheat, maize) have been under discussion since last decade with little focus on potential wild relatives and landraces. Indian dwarf wheat (Triticum sphaerococcum Percival) is an important landrace native to the Indian subcontinent. Several unique features, especially high protein content and resistance to drought and yellow rust, make it a very potent landrace for breeding. Our aim in this study is to identify the contrasting Indian dwarf wheat genotypes based on nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and nitrogen deficiency tolerance (NDT) traits and the associated miRNAs differentially expressed under N deficiency in selected genotypes. Eleven Indian dwarf wheat genotypes and a high NUE bread wheat genotype (for comparison) were evaluated for NUE under control and N deficit field conditions. Based on NUE, selected genotypes were further evaluated under hydroponics and miRNome was compared by miRNAseq under control and N deficit conditions. Among the identified, differentially expressed miRNAs in control and N starved seedlings, the target gene functions were associated with N metabolism, root development, secondary metabolism and cell-cycle associated pathways. The key findings on miRNA expression, changes in root architecture, root auxin abundance and changes in N metabolism reveal new information on the N deficiency response of Indian dwarf wheat and targets for genetic improvement of NUE.
PMID: 36973317
Sci Rep , IF:4.379 , 2023 Mar , V13 (1) : P4574 doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-31804-4
Transcriptome and physiological analyses reveal new insights into delayed incompatibility formed by interspecific grafting.
College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China.; Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.; Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.; Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.; College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China. xrwang@gzu.edu.cn.
Pinus elliottii used as rootstock instead of homologous rootstock, have been proved to accelerate early growth of the scion (Pinus massoniana), for cultivation of large diameter wood. However, the basal diameter of scions in heterologous grafts was significantly smaller than self-graft 10 years later, according to field investigation, which was opposed to cultivation objectives. Although advantage of heterologous grafts has been reported, less is known about the long term effect of heterologous rootstock on scions of P. massoniana. The aim of present study was to investigate the mechanism of the above difference. Toward this aim, the growth traits and physiological characteristics of scions in the two graft groups were studied, and the underlying mechanism was preliminarily explored through transcriptome sequencing technology. Results showed that scions of heterologous grafts had less TSCA compared to self-grafts, while no significant difference of plant height, number of branches and canopy volume between two graft groups. Besides, scion leaves of heterologous grafts displayed higher antioxidant enzyme activity and lower chlorophyll content. And interactions between rootstocks and scions had also changed the mineral element composition of scion leaves. Compared with homologous grafts, scion leaves of heterologous grafts accumulated more K(+), Mg(2+) and Zn(2+), but less Ca(2+),which have been proved to be conducive to the growth of stem diameter of P. massoniana. Moreover, a comparative transcriptome analysis of two graft groups showed that DEGs between them were mainly caused by the specificity of rootstock. GO and KEGG analysis found that heterologous rootstock had different gene expression preferences, and the gene expression level between rootstocks and scions were significantly different, such as auxin auxin-related genes and stress responsive genes. That may imply that auxin pathway played an important role not only in grafting healing process, but also in maintaining the growth between scion and stock. Summary of all above results, we concluded that the long term effect of heterologous rootstock on scions may be unsatisfactory with the later rapidly growth of scion, probably due to delayed graft incompatibility between scion and stock of heterologous grafts. This study may remind us that the long-term growth of the scion deserves attention as well as the healing process, which could also provide a basis for delayed graft incompatibility.
PMID: 36941326
Sci Rep , IF:4.379 , 2023 Mar , V13 (1) : P4289 doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-31466-2
Effect of redroot pigweed interference on antioxidant enzyme and light response of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) depends on cultivars and growth stages.
Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran.; Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran. z.tahmasebi@ilam.ac.ir.; Agricultural Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
Redroot Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) is an important weed that is highly competitive with common bean. Photosynthetic pigments, the activity of antioxidant enzymes, the relative expression of a number of antioxidant enzyme and light response genes, were studied in three of common bean cultivars and in V4 and R7 stages under Redroot Pigweed free and infested. The presence of weeds reduced the content of chlorophyll, relative chlorophyll and anthocyanin of common bean leaves. With the increase of weed competition, the expression of antioxidant genes and enzymes increased, which indicates the increase of their activity in order to reduce the amount of reactive oxygen species. Among the studied antioxidant enzymes, the activity of catalase and ascorbate peroxidase produced in the leaves was higher than that of superoxide dismutase. With the increase of weed interference, the expression of phytochrome interacting factor 3 (PIF3) gene as a positive regulator of light signals is increased and the expression of phytochrome rapidly regulated1 (PAR1) gene as a negative regulator is decreased. Chlorophyll a/b-binding protein (CAB1) and auxin-responsive protein IAA8 (IAA8) genes also down-regulated with increasing competition. Along with the decrease of CAB expression in the conditions of competition with weeds, the chlorophyll a, b content also decreased. Correlation between gene expression and physiological traits related to them highlights the prominent role of CWCP in maintaining yield potential.
PMID: 36922550
Plant Physiol Biochem , IF:4.27 , 2023 Feb , V195 : P362-374 doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.01.006
Genome-wide analysis of the SAUR gene family and function exploration of DlSAUR32 during early longan somatic embryogenesis.
Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China.; Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China. Electronic address: buliang84@163.com.
The early auxin responsive small auxin up-regulated RNA (SAUR) family is an important gene family in the auxin signal transduction pathway. This study focused on the regulatory mechanism of DlSAUR genes during early somatic embryogenesis (SE) and its response to hormone treatment and abiotic stress. Mining of the available Dimocarpus longan Lour. (D. longan) genome sequence yielded 68 putative SAUR genes. Transcript profiles based on RNA-seq data showed that most of the 24 detected DlSAUR genes were highly expressed in the globular embryos (GE) (10) and most of them responded to heat stress and 2,4-D treatment. The results of qRT-PCR showed that most of DlSAUR genes were up-regulated under auxin inhibitor N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) and auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) treatments. Moreover, NPA could promote longan SE. The assay for ATAC-seq data analysis showed that chromatin accessibility of 19 of the 24 DlSAUR genes were open during early SE, and most DlSAUR genes differentially expressed during early SE were not associated with H3K4me1 signal enrichment. The DlSAUR32 was selected for subcellular localization and RNA-seq analysis, which encode a cell nuclear-localized protein. Dual-luciferase assays and transient transformation showed that the transcription factors (TFs) DlWRKY75-1 and DlWRKY75-2 might bind to the DlSAUR32 promoters to inhibition gene transcription. Transient overexpression of DlWRKY75-1 and DlWRKY75-2 decreased IAA content in N. benthamiana leaves. Thus, the regulatory network composed of DlSAUR32 and its related TFs may regulate the early longan SE and be involved in the auxin response regulatory pathway of longan.
PMID: 36682137
Plant Physiol Biochem , IF:4.27 , 2023 Feb , V195 : P330-340 doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.01.002
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) WRKY23 enhances salt and osmotic stress tolerance by modulating the ethylene and auxin pathways in transgenic Arabidopsis.
Plant Gene Expression Lab, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India.; Plant Gene Expression Lab, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.; Plant Gene Expression Lab, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India. Electronic address: va.sane@nbri.res.in.
Osmotic stress is one of the biggest problems in agriculture, which adversely affects crop productivity. Plants adopt several strategies to overcome osmotic stresses that include transcriptional reprogramming and activation of stress responses mediated by different transcription factors and phytohormones. We have identified a WRKY transcription factor from tomato, SlWRKY23, which is induced by mannitol and NaCl treatment. Over-expression of SlWRKY23 in transgenic Arabidopsis enhances osmotic stress tolerance to mannitol and NaCl and affects root growth and lateral root number. Transgenic Arabidopsis over-expressing SlWRKY23 showed reduced electrolyte leakage and higher relative water content than Col-0 plants upon mannitol and NaCl treatment. These lines also showed better membrane integrity with lower MDA content and higher proline content than Col-0. Responses to mannitol were governed by auxin as treatment with TIBA (auxin transport inhibitor) negatively affected the osmotic tolerance in transgenic lines by inhibiting lateral root growth. Similarly, responses to NaCl were controlled by ethylene as treatment with AgNO(3) (ethylene perception inhibitor) inhibited the stress response to NaCl by suppressing primary and lateral root growth. The study shows that SlWRKY23, a osmotic stress inducible gene in tomato, imparts tolerance to mannitol and NaCl stress through interaction of the auxin and ethylene pathways.
PMID: 36669348
Plant Physiol Biochem , IF:4.27 , 2023 Feb , V195 : P193-205 doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.01.010
Polyamine metabolizing rhizobacteria Pseudomonas sp. GBPI_506 modulates hormone signaling to enhance lateral roots and nicotine biosynthesis in Nicotiana benthamiana.
Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India. Electronic address: r.jain@uva.nl.; Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India. Electronic address: pari169396@gmail.com.; Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India. Electronic address: shwetaguleria000@gmail.com.; Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, 248002, Uttarakhand, India. Electronic address: anitapandey333@gmail.com.; Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India. Electronic address: sanjaykumar@ihbt.res.in.
Beneficial rhizobacteria in the soil are important drivers of plant health and growth. In this study, we provide the draft genome of a root colonizing and auxin-producing Pseudomonas sp. strain GBPI_506. The bacterium was investigated for its contribution in the growth of Nicotiana benthamiana (Nb) and biosynthesis of nicotine. The bacterium showed chemotaxis towards root exudates potentially mediated by putrescine, a polyamine compound, to colonize the roots of Nb. Application of the bacterium with the roots of Nb, increased plant biomass and total soluble sugars in the leaves, and promoted lateral root (LR) development as compared to the un-inoculated plants. Confocal analysis using transgenic (DR5:GFP) Arabidopsis showed increased auxin trafficking in the LR of inoculated plants. Upregulation of nicotine biosynthesis genes and genes involved in salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling in the roots of inoculated plants suggested increased nicotine biosynthesis as a result of bacterial application. An increased JA content in roots and nicotine accumulation in leaves provided evidence on JA-mediated upregulation of nicotine biosynthesis in the bacterized plants. The findings suggested that the bacterial root colonization triggered networking between auxin, SA, and JA to facilitate LR development leading to enhanced plant growth and nicotine biosynthesis in Nb.
PMID: 36641943
BMC Plant Biol , IF:4.215 , 2023 Mar , V23 (1) : P128 doi: 10.1186/s12870-023-04142-w
Lateral metabolome study reveals the molecular mechanism of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in Chinese cabbage.
Lijiang Teachers College, Lijiang, 674199, China.; Institute of Horticultural Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650205, China.; Institute of Horticultural Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650205, China. yyshjm@126.com.
BACKGROUND: Chinese cabbage is one of the most widely grown leafy vegetables in China. Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a maternally inherited trait that produces abnormal pollen during anther development, which is commonly seen in cruciferous vegetables. However, the molecular mechanism of Chinese cabbage CMS is not clear. In this study, the metabolome and hormone profiles of Chinese cabbage male sterile line (CCR20000) and sterile maintainer line (CCR20001) were analyzed in flower buds during normal stamen development and abnormal stamen development, respectively. RESULTS: A total of 556 metabolites were detected based on UPLC-MS/MS detection platform and database search, and the changes of hormones such as auxin, cytokinins, abscisic acid, jasmonates, salicylic acid, gibberellin acid and ethylene were analyzed. The results showed that compared with the male fertile line (MF), the male sterile line (MS) significantly decreased the content of flavonoids and phenolamides metabolites in the stamen dysplasia stage, accompanied by a large accumulation of glucosinolate metabolites. Meanwhile, the contents of GA9, GA20, IBA, tZ and other hormones in MS were significantly lower than those in MF strains. Further, by comparing the metabolome changes of MF and MS during stamen dysplasia, it was found that flavonoid metabolites and amino acid metabolites were distinctly different. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that flavonoids, phenolamides and glucosinolate metabolites may be closely related to the sterility of MS strains. This study provides an effective basis for further research on the molecular mechanism of CMS in Chinese cabbage.
PMID: 36882696
BMC Plant Biol , IF:4.215 , 2023 Feb , V23 (1) : P90 doi: 10.1186/s12870-023-04102-4
Comparative analysis of the transcriptome during single-seed formation of Castanea henryi: regulation of starch metabolism and endogenous hormones.
Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China.; Key Lab of Non-Wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China.; Hunan Botanical Garden, Changsha, 410116, China.; Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China. fan_xiaoming001@163.com.; Key Lab of Non-Wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China. fan_xiaoming001@163.com.; Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China. yuan-deyi@163.com.; Key Lab of Non-Wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China. yuan-deyi@163.com.
BACKGROUND: In seed plants, the ovule is the precursor to the seed. The process of ovule development and differentiation is regulated by multiple factors, including starch metabolism and endogenous hormones. Castanea henryi produces nuts with high nutritional value. However, the high proportion of empty buds restricts the commercial use of the tree. Previous studies have shown that the empty bud phenotype is closely related to ovule abortion. If none of the ovules in the ovary expand rapidly and develop in 7-8 weeks after pollination, an empty bud will form. Therefore, we studied the development and molecular mechanisms underlying single seed formation in C. henryi. RESULTS: We found that 49 days after pollination (DAP) is a critical period for the formation of fertile and abortive ovules. The morphology and starch distribution of the fertile and abortive ovules differed significantly at 49 DAP. The fertile ovules were smooth and round in appearance, with a large amount of starch. In contrast, abortive ovules were smaller with only a small amount of starch. The embryo sac of the abortive ovule proceeded to develop abnormally, and the entire ovule lacked starch. We identified 37 candidate genes involved in metabolism with potential roles in the regulation of starch levels. Three ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) genes, one granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) gene, and two beta-amylase genes could affect starch accumulation. The levels of auxin, cytokinins, gibberellins, and jasmonic acid in fertile ovules were higher than those in abortive ovules. In addition, the levels of endogenous abscisic acid and salicylic acid in abortive ovules were higher than those in fertile ovules of the same age, consistent with the expression patterns of genes related to the synthesis of abscisic and salicylic acid and signal transduction. We identified and mapped the differentially expressed genes associated with hormone synthesis and signal transduction. CONCLUSIONS: These results improve our general understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying single seed development in C. henryi and the phenomenon of empty buds, providing directions for future research.
PMID: 36782110
BMC Plant Biol , IF:4.215 , 2023 Feb , V23 (1) : P74 doi: 10.1186/s12870-023-04087-0
Auxin efflux carrier ZmPIN1a modulates auxin reallocation involved in nitrate-mediated root formation.
State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.; Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.; College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.; Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.; State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China. zmc1214@163.com.
BACKGROUND: Auxin plays a crucial role in nitrate (NO(3)(-))-mediated root architecture, and it is still unclear that if NO(3)(-) supply modulates auxin reallocation for regulating root formation in maize (Zea mays L.). This study was conducted to investigate the role of auxin efflux carrier ZmPIN1a in the root formation in response to NO(3)(-) supply. RESULTS: Low NO(3)(-) (LN) promoted primary root (PR) elongation, while repressed the development of lateral root primordia (LRP) and total root length. LN modulated auxin levels and polar transport and regulated the expression of auxin-responsive and -signaling genes in roots. Moreover, LN up-regulated the expression level of ZmPIN1a, and overexpression of ZmPIN1a enhanced IAA efflux and accumulation in PR tip, while repressed IAA accumulation in LRP initiation zone, which consequently induced LN-mediated PR elongation and LR inhibition. The inhibition rate of PR length, LRP density and number of ZmPIN1a-OE plants was higher than that of wild-type plants after auxin transport inhibitor NPA treatment under NN and LN conditions, and the degree of inhibition of root growth in ZmPIN1a-OE plants was more obvious under LN condition. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that ZmPIN1a was involved in modulating auxin levels and transport to alter NO(3)(-)-mediated root formation in maize.
PMID: 36737696
Anal Bioanal Chem , IF:4.142 , 2023 Mar , V415 (7) : P1385-1393 doi: 10.1007/s00216-023-04529-6
A 3D-printed analytical device seamlessly integrating sample treatment for electrochemical detection of IAA in Marchantia polymorpha.
School of Public Health, Nantong University, 9 Seyuan Rd., Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, China.; National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China. liuwu@cemps.ac.cn.; School of Public Health, Nantong University, 9 Seyuan Rd., Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, China. hxl362349@ntu.edu.cn.; School of Public Health, Nantong University, 9 Seyuan Rd., Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, China. ningbao@ntu.edu.cn.
Because of the pivotal point of Marchantia polymorpha (M. polymorpha) in plant evolution, its auxin (mainly indole-3-acetic acid, IAA) levels could provide useful evidence for the study of the evolution of IAA. However, M. polymorpha could not be easily pretreated for electrochemical detection because they are at the entry level of land plants. Herein, we designed a three-dimensional (3D)-printed analytical device for seamless integration of sample treatment and electrochemical detection. Specifically, the electrochemical cell could be used as a mortar in which a tiny plant sample could be ground with a 3D-printed pestle, followed by mixing with the buffer solution under vibration for electrochemical detection of IAA with a disposable working electrode at the bottom of the cell. Using our strategy, the limits of quantification could reach 0.05 mumol L(-1) after optimization of parameters. We were able to demonstrate that IAA in different tissues of wild-type and mutant M. polymorpha could be successfully differentiated after they were treated with the 3D-printed analytical device. The obtained results were comparable to the samples blended with zirconium beads while the differences of IAA levels in different tissues of M. polymorpha agreed well with previous reports. This study suggested the potential of sample treatment integrated with electrochemical detection for analysis of IAA using the 3D printing techniques and their possible applications in the research of plants and other fields.
PMID: 36705731
Microorganisms , IF:4.128 , 2023 Mar , V11 (3) doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11030764
Strain Streptomyces sp. P-56 Produces Nonactin and Possesses Insecticidal, Acaricidal, Antimicrobial and Plant Growth-Promoting Traits.
All-Russia Institute of Plant Protection, Podbelskogo Sh. 3, Pushkin, Saint-Petersburg 196608, Russia.; All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelskogo Sh. 3, Pushkin, Saint-Petersburg 196608, Russia.; Alferov Federal State Budgetary Institution of Higher Education and Science Saint Petersburg National Research Academic University of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Khlopin Str., 8/3-A, Saint-Petersburg 194021, Russia.; Research Center of Nanobiotechnologies, Peter the Great St Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya, 29, Saint-Petersburg 195251, Russia.
Streptomycetes produce a huge variety of bioactive metabolites, including antibiotics, enzyme inhibitors, pesticides and herbicides, which offer promise for applications in agriculture as plant protection and plant growth-promoting products. The aim of this report was to characterize the biological activities of strain Streptomyces sp. P-56, previously isolated from soil as an insecticidal bacterium. The metabolic complex was obtained from liquid culture of Streptomyces sp. P-56 as dried ethanol extract (DEE) and possessed insecticidal activity against vetch aphid (Medoura viciae Buckt.), cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii Glov.), green peach aphid (Myzus persicae Sulz.), pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum Harr.) and crescent-marked lily aphid (Neomyzus circumflexus Buckt.), as well as two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae). Insecticidal activity was associated with production of nonactin, which was purified and identified using HPLC-MS and crystallographic techniques. Strain Streptomyces sp. P-56 also showed antibacterial and antifungal activity against various phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi (mostly for Clavibacfer michiganense, Alternaria solani and Sclerotinia libertiana), and possessed a set of plant growth-promoting traits, such as auxin production, ACC deaminase and phosphate solubilization. The possibilities for using this strain as a biopesticide producer and/or biocontrol and a plant growth-promoting microorganism are discussed.
PMID: 36985337
Planta , IF:4.116 , 2023 Mar , V257 (5) : P88 doi: 10.1007/s00425-023-04121-3
The Arabidopsis Phytoglobin 2 mediates phytochrome B (phyB) light signaling responses during somatic embryogenesis.
Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.; Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.; Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada. stasolla@ms.umanitoba.ca.
During the light induction of somatic embryogenesis, phyB-Pfr suppresses Phytoglobin 2, known to elevate nitric oxide (NO). NO depresses Phytochrome Interacting Factor 4 (PIF4) relieving its inhibition on embryogenesis through auxin. An obligatory step of many in vitro embryogenic systems is the somatic-embryogenic transition culminating with the formation of the embryogenic tissue. In Arabidopsis, this transition requires light and is facilitated by high levels of nitric oxide (NO) generated by either suppression of the NO scavenger Phytoglobin 2 (Pgb2), or its removal from the nucleus. Using a previously characterized induction system regulating the cellular localization of Pgb2, we demonstrated the interplay between phytochrome B (phyB) and Pgb2 during the formation of embryogenic tissue. The deactivation of phyB in the dark coincides with the induction of Pgb2 known to reduce the level of NO; consequently, embryogenesis is inhibited. Under light conditions, the active form of phyB depresses the levels of Pgb2 transcripts, thus expecting an increase in cellular NO. Induction of Pgb2 increases Phytochrome Interacting Factor 4 (PIF4) suggesting that high levels of NO repress PIF4. The PIF4 inhibition is sufficient to induce several auxin biosynthetic (CYP79B2, AMI1, and YUCCA 1, 2, and 6) and response (ARF5, 8, and 16) genes, conducive to the formation of the embryonic tissue and production of somatic embryos. Auxin responses mediated by ARF10 and 17 appear to be regulated by Pgb2, possibly through NO, in a PIF4-independent fashion. Overall, this work provides a new and preliminary model integrating Pgb2 (and NO) with phyB in the light regulation of in vitro embryogenesis.
PMID: 36976396
Planta , IF:4.116 , 2023 Feb , V257 (3) : P48 doi: 10.1007/s00425-023-04086-3
Insights on the stem elongation of spur-type bud sport mutant of 'Red Delicious' apple.
College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.; College of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, 741000, China.; College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China. bhch@gsau.edu.cn.
The decreased capacity of auxin-, CTK-, and BR-mediated cell division and cell enlargement pathways, combined with the enhanced capacity of GA and ETH-, JA-, ABA-, SA-mediated stress-resistant pathways were presumed to be the crucial reasons for the formation of spur-type 'Red Delicious' mutants. Vallee Spur', which exhibit short internodes and compact tree shape, is the fourth generation of the spur-type bud sport mutant of 'Red Delicious'. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of these properties remains unclear. Here, comparative phenotypic, full-length transcriptome and phytohormone analyses were performed between 'Red Delicious' (NSP) and 'Vallee Spur' (SP). The new shoot internode length of NSP was > 1.53-fold higher than that of the SP mutant. Cytological analysis showed that the stem cells of the SP mutant were smaller and more tightly arranged relative to the NSP. By Iso-Seq, a total of 1426 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected, including 808 upregulated and 618 downregulated genes in new shoot apex with 2 leaves of the SP mutant. Gene expressions involved in auxin, cytokinin (CTK), and brassinosteroid (BR) signal transduction were mostly downregulated in the SP mutant, whereas those involved in gibberellin (GA), ethylene (ETH), jasmonate (JA), ABA, and salicylic acid (SA) signal transduction were mostly upregulated. The overall thermogram analysis of hormone levels in the shoot apex carrying two leaves detected by LC-MS/MS absolute quantification showed that the levels of IAA-Asp, IAA, iP7G, OPDA, and 6-deoxyCS were significantly upregulated in the SP mutant, while the remaining 28 hormones were significantly downregulated. It is speculated that the decreased capacity of auxin, CTK, and BR-mediated cell division and cell enlargement pathways is crucial for the formation of the SP mutant. GA and stress-resistant pathways of ETH, JA, ABA, and SA also play vital roles in stem elongation. These results highlight the involvement of phytohormones in the formation of stem elongation occurring in 'Red Delicious' spur-type bud sport mutants and provide information for exploring its biological mechanism.
PMID: 36740622
Genes (Basel) , IF:4.096 , 2023 Mar , V14 (3) doi: 10.3390/genes14030766
Floral Development Stage-Specific Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Formation Mechanism of Different Shapes of Ray Florets in Chrysanthemum.
Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
The formation mechanism of different ray floret shapes of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum x morifolium) remains elusive due to its complex genetic background. C. vestitum, with the basic ray floret shapes of the flat, spoon, and tubular types, is considered a model material for studying ray floret morphogenesis. In this study, the flat and tubular type lines of C. vestitum at specific stages were used to investigate the key genes that regulate morphological differences in ray florets. We found that the expression levels of genes related to auxin synthesis, transport, and response were generally higher in the tubular type than in the flat type. CvARF3 was highly expressed in the flat type, while CvARF5 and CvARF6 were highly expressed in the tubular type. Additionally, the transcription levels of Class B and E genes closely related to petal development, including CvPI, CvAP3, Cvdefh21, CvSEP3, and CvCDM77, were expressed at higher levels in the tubular type than the flat type. Based on the results, it is proposed that auxin plays a key role in the development of ray florets, and auxin-related genes, especially CvARFs, may be key genes to control the morphological difference of ray florets. Simultaneously, MADS-box genes are involved in the co-regulation of ray floret morphogenesis. The results provide novel insights into the molecular mechanism of different petal type formation and lay a theoretical foundation for the directional breeding of petal type in chrysanthemums.
PMID: 36981036
Plant Mol Biol , IF:4.076 , 2023 Feb , V111 (3) : P233-248 doi: 10.1007/s11103-022-01318-0
High temporal-resolution transcriptome landscapes of maize embryo sac and ovule during early seed development.
State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.; Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, National Maize Improvement Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.; Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education & College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.; Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.; State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China. jianchen@cau.edu.cn.; Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, National Maize Improvement Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China. jianchen@cau.edu.cn.; Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China. jianchen@cau.edu.cn.
Here we provided a high temporal-resolution transcriptome atlas of maize embryo sac and ovule to reveal the gene activity dynamic during early seed development. The early maize (Zea mays) seed development is initiated from double fertilization in the embryo sac and needs to undergo a highly dynamic and complex development process to form the differentiated embryo and endosperm. Despite the importance of maize seed for food, feed, and biofuel, many regulators responsible for controlling its early development are not known yet. Here, we reported a high temporal-resolution transcriptome atlas of embryo sac and ovule based on 44 time point samples collected within the first four days of seed development. A total of 25,187 genes including 1598 transcription factors (TFs) involved in early seed development were detected. Global comparisons of the expressions of these genes revealed five distinct development stages of early seed, which are mainly related to double fertilization, asymmetric cell division of the zygote, as well as coenocyte formation, cellularization and differentiation in endosperm. We identified 3327 seed-specific genes, which more than one thousand seed-specific genes with main expressions during early seed development were newly identified here, including 859 and 186 genes predominantly expressed in the embryo sac and ovule, respectively. Combined with the published transcriptome data of seed, we uncovered the dominant auxin biosynthesis, transport and signaling related genes at different development stages and subregions of seed. These results are helpful for understanding the genetic control of early seed development.
PMID: 36508138
Phytochemistry , IF:4.072 , 2023 Feb , V206 : P113531 doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113531
Labdane diterpenoids from the heartwood of Leucosceptrum canum that impact on root growth and seed germination of Arabidopsis thaliana.
State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, and Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China.; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, PR China.; State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, and Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, PR China. Electronic address: shli@cdutcm.edu.cn.
Eleven undescribed diterpenoids possessing labdane, 3,18-cyclo-labdane, 19 (4 --> 3)-labdane and 12-nor-labdane skeletons, named leucolactones A-K, were isolated from the heartwood of a large woody Lamiaceae plant, Leucosceptrum canum. Their structures were determined by NMR, MS, and in the case of leucolactones A by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Plausible biosynthetic pathway of leucolactones were proposed. Leucolactones showed significant inhibitory effects against seed germination and root elongation of Arabidopsis thaliana in the Petri dish bioassay. Among them, the diastereomeric leucolactones G and H were the most potent, with EC(50) values for root elongation of 6.53 +/- 1.35 and 9.75 +/- 1.25 muM, respectively. The preliminary structure-activity relationship of leucolactones was discussed. The increase of auxin reporter activity in A. thaliana DR5::GUS roots by leucolactone H was observed, indicating that leucolactones altered auxin accumulation and distribution. These findings suggested that leucolactones might be involved in regulation of plant growth and development through altering auxin accumulation and distribution, presumably contributing to the heartwood formation in L. canum.
PMID: 36464100
Phytopathology , IF:4.025 , 2023 Mar doi: 10.1094/PHYTO-08-22-0305-R
Molecular characterisation of defence of Brassica napus (Oilseed rape) to Rhizoctonia solani AG2-1 confirmed by functional analysis in Arabidopsis thaliana.
University of Nottingham, 6123, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; isabelle.sims@nottingham.ac.uk.; University of Nottingham, 6123, Sutton Bonington campus, Loughborough, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, LE12 5RD; dasuni.jayaweera@nottingham.ac.uk.; University of Nottingham, 6123, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; kamal.swarup@nottingham.ac.uk.; University of Nottingham, 6123, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; Rumiana.Ray@nottingham.ac.uk.
Rhizoctonia solani is a necrotrophic, soil-borne fungal pathogen associated with significant establishment losses in Brassica napus (Oilseed Rape; OSR). The Anastomosis Group (AG) 2-1 of R. solani is most virulent to OSR, causing damping-off, root and hypocotyl rot, and seedling death. Resistance to R. solani AG2-1 in OSR has not been identified, and the regulation of OSR defence to its adapted pathogen, AG2-1, has not been investigated. In this work, we used confocal microscopy to visualise the progress of infection by sclerotia of AG2-1 on B. napus varieties with contrasting disease phenotypes. We defined their defence response using gene expression studies and functional analysis with Arabidopsis thaliana mutants. Our results showed existing variation in susceptibility to AG2-1 and plant growth between OSR varieties, and differential expression of genes of hormonal and defence pathways related to auxin, ethylene, jasmonic acid, abscisic acid, salicylic acid, and reactive oxygen species regulation. Auxin, abscisic acid signalling, and the MYC2 branch of jasmonate signalling contributed to susceptibility to AG2-1, whilst induced systemic resistance was enhanced by NAPDH RBOHD, ethylene signalling and the ERF/PDF branch of jasmonate signalling. These results pave the way for future research, which will lead to the development of Brassica crops that are more resistant to AG2-1 of R. solani and reduce dependence on chemical control options.
PMID: 36935378
Plants (Basel) , IF:3.935 , 2023 Mar , V12 (6) doi: 10.3390/plants12061384
The Chromatin Remodeling Factor BrCHR39 Targets DNA Methylation to Positively Regulate Apical Dominance in Brassica rapa.
Henan International Joint Laboratory of Crop Gene Resource and Improvements, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.; Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Graduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
The SHPRH (SNF2, histone linker, PHD, RING, helicase) subfamily belonging to ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling factor is the effective tumor-suppressor, which can polyubiquitinate PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) and participate in post-replication repair in human. However, little is known about the functions of SHPRH proteins in plants. In this study, we identified a novel SHPRH member BrCHR39 and obtained BrCHR39-silenced transgenic Brassica rapa. In contrast to wild-type plants, transgenic Brassica plants exhibited a released apical dominance phenotype with semi-dwarfism and multiple lateral branches. Furthermore, a global alteration of DNA methylation in the main stem and bud appeared after silencing of BrCHR39. Based on the GO (gene ontology) functional annotation and KEGG (Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes) pathway analysis, the plant hormone signal transduction pathway was clearly enriched. In particular, we found a significant increase in the methylation level of auxin-related genes in the stem, whereas auxin- and cytokinin-related genes were hypomethylated in the bud of transgenic plants. In addition, further qRT-PCR (quantitative real-time PCR) analysis revealed that DNA methylation level always had an opposite trend with gene expression level. Considered together, our findings indicated that suppression of BrCHR39 expression triggered the methylation divergence of hormone-related genes and subsequently affected transcription levels to regulate the apical dominance in Brassica rapa.
PMID: 36987072
Plants (Basel) , IF:3.935 , 2023 Mar , V12 (6) doi: 10.3390/plants12061382
Evolutionary Analysis of the Melon (Cucumis melo L.) GH3 Gene Family and Identification of GH3 Genes Related to Fruit Growth and Development.
Agricultural Bioresources Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China.; Fuzhou Institute of Vegetable Science, Fuzhou 350018, China.; College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.; Crops Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China.
The indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) auxin is an important endogenous hormone that plays a key role in the regulation of plant growth and development. In recent years, with the progression of auxin-related research, the function of the Gretchen Hagen 3 (GH3) gene has become a prominent research topic. However, studies focusing on the characteristics and functions of melon GH3 family genes are still lacking. This study presents a systematic identification of melon GH3 gene family members based on genomic data. The evolution of melon GH3 family genes was systematically analyzed by means of bioinformatics, and the expression patterns of the GH3 family genes in different melon tissues during different fruit developmental stages and with various levels of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) induction were analyzed with transcriptomics and RT-qPCR. The melon genome contains 10 GH3 genes distributed across seven chromosomes, and most of these genes are expressed in the plasma membrane. According to evolutionary analysis and the number of GH3 family genes, these genes can be divided into three subgroups, and they have been conserved throughout the evolution of melon. The melon GH3 gene has a wide range of expression patterns across distinct tissue types, with expression generally being higher in flowers and fruit. Through promoter analysis, we found that most cis-acting elements contained light- and IAA-responsive elements. Based on the RNA-seq and RT-qPCR analyses, it can be speculated that CmGH3-5, CmGH3-6 and CmGH3-7 may be involved in the process of melon fruit development. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the GH3 gene family plays an important role in the development of melon fruit. This study provides an important theoretical basis for further research on the function of the GH3 gene family and the molecular mechanism underlying the development of melon fruit.
PMID: 36987071
Plants (Basel) , IF:3.935 , 2023 Mar , V12 (6) doi: 10.3390/plants12061359
An Insight into the Biology of the Rare and Peculiar Moss Pterygoneurum sibiricum (Pottiaceae): A Conservation Physiology Approach.
Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden Jevremovac, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Takovska 43, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.; Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory Str. 1-12, 119234 Moscow, Russia.; Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Str. 4, 127276 Moscow, Russia.; Department of Botany, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, Manesova 23, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia.
The biological features of the recently described peculiar and rare pottioid moss species Pterygoneurum sibiricum have been studied. A conservation physiology approach through in vitro axenic establishment and laboratory-controlled tests was applied to learn more about its development, physiology, and ecology. Additionally, ex situ collection for this species was established, and a micropropagation methodology was developed. The results obtained clearly document its reaction to salt stress in contrast to its sibling bryo-halophyte species P. kozlovii. The reaction to exogenously applied plant growth regulators, auxin and cytokinin, can be used in the different moss propagation phases of this species or for target structure production and development. Inference to the poorly known ecology of this species should also help in recent species records, and thus improve knowledge about its distribution and conservation.
PMID: 36987048
Plants (Basel) , IF:3.935 , 2023 Mar , V12 (6) doi: 10.3390/plants12061353
AT-Hook Transcription Factors Show Functions in Liriodendron chinense under Drought Stress and Somatic Embryogenesis.
Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.; National Germplasm Bank of Chinese fir at Fujian Yangkou Forest Farm, Shunchang 353211, China.; Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
AT-hook motif nuclear localized (AHL) is a transcription factor that can directly induce plant somatic embryogenesis without adding exogenous hormones. One of its functional domains, the AT-hook motif, has a chromatin-modifying function and participates in various cellular processes, including DNA replication and repair and gene transcription leading to cell growth. Liriodendron chinense (Hemsl.) Sargent is an important ornamental and timber tree in China. However, its low drought-resistant ability further leads to a low natural growth rate of its population. Based on bioinformatics analysis, this study identified a total of 21 LcAHLs in L. chinense. To explore the expression pattern of the AHL gene family under drought and somatic embryogenesis, we performed a systematic analysis including basic characteristics, gene structure, chromosome localization, replication event, cis-acting elements and phylogenetic analyses. According to the phylogenetic tree, the 21 LcAHL genes are divided into three separate clades (Clade I, II, and III). Cis-acting element analysis indicated the involvement of the LcAHL genes in drought, cold, light, and auxin regulation. In the generated drought stress transcriptome, a total of eight LcAHL genes showed increased expression levels, with their expression peaking at 3 h and leveling off after 1 d. Nearly all LcAHL genes were highly expressed in the process of somatic embryogenesis. In this study, we performed a genome-wide analysis of the LcAHL gene family and found that LcAHLs take part in resistance to drought stress and the development of somatic embryos. These findings will provide an important theoretical basis for understanding of the LcAHL gene function.
PMID: 36987041
Plants (Basel) , IF:3.935 , 2023 Mar , V12 (6) doi: 10.3390/plants12061328
Mycobiota of Mexican Maize Landraces with Auxin-Producing Yeasts That Improve Plant Growth and Root Development.
Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Coyoacan, Universidad del Valle de Mexico, Calzada de Tlalpan 3016/3058, Coapa, Ex Hacienda Coapa, Coyoacan 04910, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.; Programa de Ecologia Genomica, Centro de Ciencias Genomicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Av. Universidad s/n, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico.; Laboratorio de Recursos Geneticos Microbianos, Centro Nacional de Recursos Geneticos-INIFAP, Boulevard de la Biodiversidad No. 400, Tepatitlan de Morelos 47600, Jalisco, Mexico.
Compared to agrochemicals, bioinoculants based on plant microbiomes are a sustainable option for increasing crop yields and soil fertility. From the Mexican maize landrace "Raza conico" (red and blue varieties), we identified yeasts and evaluated in vitro their ability to promote plant growth. Auxin production was detected from yeast isolates and confirmed using Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Inoculation tests were performed on maize, and morphological parameters were measured. Eighty-seven yeast strains were obtained (50 from blue corn and 37 from red corn). These were associated with three families of Ascomycota (Dothideaceae, Debaryomycetaceae, and Metschnikowiaceae) and five families of Basidiomycota (Sporidiobolaceae, Filobasidiaceae, Piskurozymaceae, Tremellaceae, and Rhynchogastremataceae), and, in turn, distributed in 10 genera (Clavispora, Rhodotorula, Papiliotrema, Candida, Suhomyces, Soliccocozyma, Saitozyma Holtermaniella, Naganishia, and Aeurobasidium). We identified strains that solubilized phosphate and produced siderophores, proteases, pectinases, and cellulases but did not produce amylases. Solicoccozyma sp. RY31, C. lusitaniae Y11, R. glutinis Y23, and Naganishia sp. Y52 produced auxins from L-Trp (11.9-52 microg/mL) and root exudates (1.3-22.5 microg/mL). Furthermore, they stimulated the root development of A. thaliana. Inoculation of auxin-producing yeasts caused a 1.5-fold increase in maize plant height, fresh weight, and root length compared to uninoculated controls. Overall, maize landraces harbor plant growth-promoting yeasts and have the potential for use as agricultural biofertilizers.
PMID: 36987016
Plants (Basel) , IF:3.935 , 2023 Mar , V12 (6) doi: 10.3390/plants12061243
The Roles of Gibberellins in Regulating Leaf Development.
Shandong Branch of National Vegetable Improvement Center, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan 250100, China.; Graduate School, Padjadjaran University, Bandung 40132, West Java, Indonesia.; College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250100, China.; State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
Plant growth and development are correlated with many aspects, including phytohormones, which have specific functions. However, the mechanism underlying the process has not been well elucidated. Gibberellins (GAs) play fundamental roles in almost every aspect of plant growth and development, including cell elongation, leaf expansion, leaf senescence, seed germination, and leafy head formation. The central genes involved in GA biosynthesis include GA20 oxidase genes (GA20oxs), GA3oxs, and GA2oxs, which correlate with bioactive GAs. The GA content and GA biosynthesis genes are affected by light, carbon availability, stresses, phytohormone crosstalk, and transcription factors (TFs) as well. However, GA is the main hormone associated with BR, ABA, SA, JA, cytokinin, and auxin, regulating a wide range of growth and developmental processes. DELLA proteins act as plant growth suppressors by inhibiting the elongation and proliferation of cells. GAs induce DELLA repressor protein degradation during the GA biosynthesis process to control several critical developmental processes by interacting with F-box, PIFS, ROS, SCLl3, and other proteins. Bioactive GA levels are inversely related to DELLA proteins, and a lack of DELLA function consequently activates GA responses. In this review, we summarized the diverse roles of GAs in plant development stages, with a focus on GA biosynthesis and signal transduction, to develop new insight and an understanding of the mechanisms underlying plant development.
PMID: 36986931
Plants (Basel) , IF:3.935 , 2023 Mar , V12 (5) doi: 10.3390/plants12051176
Growth Developmental Defects of Mitochondrial Iron Transporter 1 and 2 Mutants in Arabidopsis in Iron Sufficient Conditions.
Departamento de Genetica Molecular y Microbiologia, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile.; ANID-Millennium Science Initiative Program-Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago 8331150, Chile.; Centro de Genomica y Bioinformatica, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingenieria y Tecnologia, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile.; Escuela de Biotecnologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingenieria y Tecnologia, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile.; ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Bayliss Building M316, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
Iron is the most abundant micronutrient in plant mitochondria, and it has a crucial role in biochemical reactions involving electron transfer. It has been described in Oryza sativa that Mitochondrial Iron Transporter (MIT) is an essential gene and that knockdown mutant rice plants have a decreased amount of iron in their mitochondria, strongly suggesting that OsMIT is involved in mitochondrial iron uptake. In Arabidopsis thaliana, two genes encode MIT homologues. In this study, we analyzed different AtMIT1 and AtMIT2 mutant alleles, and no phenotypic defects were observed in individual mutant plants grown in normal conditions, confirming that neither AtMIT1 nor AtMIT2 are individually essential. When we generated crosses between the Atmit1 and Atmit2 alleles, we were able to isolate homozygous double mutant plants. Interestingly, homozygous double mutant plants were obtained only when mutant alleles of Atmit2 with the T-DNA insertion in the intron region were used for crossings, and in these cases, a correctly spliced AtMIT2 mRNA was generated, although at a low level. Atmit1 Atmit2 double homozygous mutant plants, knockout for AtMIT1 and knockdown for AtMIT2, were grown and characterized in iron-sufficient conditions. Pleiotropic developmental defects were observed, including abnormal seeds, an increased number of cotyledons, a slow growth rate, pinoid stems, defects in flower structures, and reduced seed set. A RNA-Seq study was performed, and we could identify more than 760 genes differentially expressed in Atmit1 Atmit2. Our results show that Atmit1 Atmit2 double homozygous mutant plants misregulate genes involved in iron transport, coumarin metabolism, hormone metabolism, root development, and stress-related response. The phenotypes observed, such as pinoid stems and fused cotyledons, in Atmit1 Atmit2 double homozygous mutant plants may suggest defects in auxin homeostasis. Unexpectedly, we observed a possible phenomenon of T-DNA suppression in the next generation of Atmit1 Atmit2 double homozygous mutant plants, correlating with increased splicing of the AtMIT2 intron containing the T-DNA and the suppression of the phenotypes observed in the first generation of the double mutant plants. In these plants with a suppressed phenotype, no differences were observed in the oxygen consumption rate of isolated mitochondria; however, the molecular analysis of gene expression markers, AOX1a, UPOX, and MSM1, for mitochondrial and oxidative stress showed that these plants express a degree of mitochondrial perturbation. Finally, we could establish by a targeted proteomic analysis that a protein level of 30% of MIT2, in the absence of MIT1, is enough for normal plant growth under iron-sufficient conditions.
PMID: 36904036
Plants (Basel) , IF:3.935 , 2023 Feb , V12 (5) doi: 10.3390/plants12050982
Dynamic Regulation of Grapevine's microRNAs in Response to Mycorrhizal Symbiosis and High Temperature.
MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de Evora, Polo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Evora, Portugal.; LEAF-Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal.; Department of Plant Biology/BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding small RNAs that play crucial roles in plant development and stress responses and can regulate plant interactions with beneficial soil microorganisms such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). To determine if root inoculation with distinct AMF species affected miRNA expression in grapevines subjected to high temperatures, RNA-seq was conducted in leaves of grapevines inoculated with either Rhizoglomus irregulare or Funneliformis mosseae and exposed to a high-temperature treatment (HTT) of 40 degrees C for 4 h per day for one week. Our results showed that mycorrhizal inoculation resulted in a better plant physiological response to HTT. Amongst the 195 identified miRNAs, 83 were considered isomiRs, suggesting that isomiRs can be biologically functional in plants. The number of differentially expressed miRNAs between temperatures was higher in mycorrhizal (28) than in non-inoculated plants (17). Several miR396 family members, which target homeobox-leucine zipper proteins, were only upregulated by HTT in mycorrhizal plants. Predicted targets of HTT-induced miRNAs in mycorrhizal plants queried to STRING DB formed networks for Cox complex, and growth and stress-related transcription factors such as SQUAMOSA promoter-binding-like-proteins, homeobox-leucine zipper proteins and auxin receptors. A further cluster related to DNA polymerase was found in R. irregulare inoculated plants. The results presented herein provide new insights into miRNA regulation in mycorrhizal grapevines under heat stress and can be the basis for functional studies of plant-AMF-stress interactions.
PMID: 36903843
Plants (Basel) , IF:3.935 , 2023 Feb , V12 (5) doi: 10.3390/plants12050978
Comparative Transcriptome Profiling Reveals Key MicroRNAs and Regulatory Mechanisms for Aluminum Tolerance in Olive.
Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.; Institute of Crops and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
Aluminum toxicity (Al) is one of the major constraints to crop production in acidic soils. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as key regulatory molecules at post-transcriptional levels, playing crucial roles in modulating various stress responses in plants. However, miRNAs and their target genes conferring Al tolerance are poorly studied in olive (Olea europaea L.). Here, genome-wide expression changes in miRNAs of the roots from two contrasting olive genotypes Zhonglan (ZL, Al-tolerant) and Frantoio selezione (FS, Al-sensitive) were investigated by high-throughput sequencing approaches. A total of 352 miRNAs were discovered in our dataset, consisting of 196 conserved miRNAs and 156 novel miRNAs. Comparative analyses showed 11 miRNAs have significantly different expression patterns in response to Al stress between ZL and FS. In silico prediction identified 10 putative target gene of these miRNAs, including MYB transcription factors, homeobox-leucine zipper (HD-Zip) proteins, auxin response factors (ARF), ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and potassium efflux antiporter. Further functional classification and enrichment analysis revealed these Al-tolerance associated miRNA-mRNA pairs are mainly involved in transcriptional regulation, hormone signaling, transportation and metabolism. These findings provide new information and perspectives into the regulatory roles of miRNAs and their target for enhancing Al tolerance in olives.
PMID: 36903838
Plants (Basel) , IF:3.935 , 2023 Feb , V12 (4) doi: 10.3390/plants12040944
Effects of Exogenous Auxin on Mesocotyl Elongation of Sorghum.
College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang 110866, China.; Jinzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinzhou 121006, China.
The length of sorghum mesocotyl plays a vital role in seed emergence from the soil, which is the foundation of healthy growth. In this study, we aimed to understand how exogenous auxin (IAA) promoted mesocotyl elongation of sorghum and its physiology mechanism. The results presented that exogenous IAA significantly promoted mesocotyl elongation in MS24B (short mesocotyl inbred line) by increasing the cell length, while with extra exogenous NPA (IAA inhibitor) application, the mesocotyl length presented a significant short phenotype. In Z210 (long mesocotyl inbred line), exogenous IAA had a slight effect on mesocotyl length elongation, while the NPA treatment decreased the mesocotyl length considerably. In MS24B, IAA treatment increased the activity of amylase to degrade starch to soluble sugar, and the activity of hexokinase was improved to consume the increased soluble sugar to offer more energy. The energy will help to increase the activity of PM H(+)-ATPase and the expression of expansin-related genes, which ultimately will promote the acidification of the plasma membrane in MS24B for cell elongation. Overall, the exogenous IAA functioned on the activation of energy metabolism, which in turn, inducted the acidification of the plasma membrane for mesocotyl elongation.
PMID: 36840291
Plants (Basel) , IF:3.935 , 2023 Feb , V12 (4) doi: 10.3390/plants12040843
Brown Seaweed Extract (BSE) Application Influences Auxin- and ABA-Related Gene Expression, Root Development, and Sugar Yield in Beta vulgaris L.
Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), Campus of Agripolis, University of Padova, Viale dell'Universita 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy.; Crop Production and Biostimulation Laboratory, Interfacultary School of Bioengineers, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Plaine CP 245, Bd du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.; Dipartimento di Agricoltura Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), Universita di Catania, Via S. Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy.; Sofbey SA, Cso S. Gottardo 34, 6830 Chiasso, Switzerland.; CO.PRO.B-Cooperativa Produttori Bieticoli, Via Mora 56, 40061 Minerbio, Italy.
The molecular and phenotypic effects of a brown seaweed extract (BSE) were assessed in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). Transcript levels of BSE-treated and untreated plants were studied by RNA-seq and validated by quantitative real-time PCR analysis (RT-qPCR). Root morphology, sugar yield, and processing quality traits were also analyzed to better elucidate the treatment effects. RNA-seq revealed 1019 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the BSE-treated and untreated plants. An adjusted p-value < 0.1 and an absolute value of log2 (fold change) greater than one was used as criteria to select the DEGs. Gene ontology (GO) identified hormone pathways as an enriched biological process. Six DEGs involved in auxin and ABA pathways were validated using RT-qPCR. The phenotypic characterization indicated that BSE treatment led to a significant increase (p < 0.05) in total root length and the length of fine roots of plants grown under hydroponics conditions. The sugar yield of plants grown under field conditions was higher (p < 0.05) in the treated field plots compared with the control treatment, without impacting the processing quality. Our study unveiled the relevant effects of BSE application in regulating auxin- and ABA-related gene expression and critical traits related to sugar beet development and yield.
PMID: 36840191
Plants (Basel) , IF:3.935 , 2023 Feb , V12 (4) doi: 10.3390/plants12040750
The ROP2 GTPase Participates in Nitric Oxide (NO)-Induced Root Shortening in Arabidopsis.
Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eotvos Lorand Research Network, Temesvari Krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.; Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Kozep Fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.; Laboratory of Proteomics Research, Biological Research Centre, Eotvos Lorand Research Network, Temesvari Krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.; Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine, Single Cell Omics ACF, H-6728 Szeged, Hungary.; Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstadter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
Nitric oxide (NO) is a versatile signal molecule that mediates environmental and hormonal signals orchestrating plant development. NO may act via reversible S-nitrosation of proteins during which an NO moiety is added to a cysteine thiol to form an S-nitrosothiol. In plants, several proteins implicated in hormonal signaling have been reported to undergo S-nitrosation. Here, we report that the Arabidopsis ROP2 GTPase is a further potential target of NO-mediated regulation. The ROP2 GTPase was found to be required for the root shortening effect of NO. NO inhibits primary root growth by altering the abundance and distribution of the PIN1 auxin efflux carrier protein and lowering the accumulation of auxin in the root meristem. In rop2-1 insertion mutants, however, wild-type-like root size of the NO-treated roots were maintained in agreement with wild-type-like PIN1 abundance in the meristem. The ROP2 GTPase was shown to be S-nitrosated in vitro, suggesting that NO might directly regulate the GTPase. The potential mechanisms of NO-mediated ROP2 GTPase regulation and ROP2-mediated NO signaling in the primary root meristem are discussed.
PMID: 36840099
Plants (Basel) , IF:3.935 , 2023 Feb , V12 (3) doi: 10.3390/plants12030681
Effects of Co-Inoculating Saccharomyces spp. with Bradyrhizobium japonicum on Atmospheric Nitrogen Fixation in Soybeans (Glycine max (L.)).
School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.; Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain.; Joint Research Unit CTFC-AGROTECNIO, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain.; Fundamental Science on Nuclear Wastes and Environmental Safety Laboratory, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.; Center of Analysis and Testing, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.; School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.; Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.
Crop production encounters challenges due to the dearth of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), while excessive chemical fertilizer use causes environmental hazards. The use of N-fixing microbes and P-solubilizing microbes (PSMs) can be a sustainable strategy to overcome these problems. Here, we conducted a greenhouse pot experiment following a completely randomized blocked design to elucidate the influence of co-inoculating N-fixing bacteria (Bradyrhizobium japonicum) and PSMs (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces exiguus) on atmospheric N(2)-fixation, growth, and yield. The results indicate a significant influence of interaction on Indole-3-acetic acid production, P solubilization, seedling germination, and growth. It was also found that atmospheric N(2)-fixation, nodule number per plant, nodule dry weight, straw, and root dry weight per plant at different growth stages were significantly increased under dual inoculation treatments relative to single inoculation or no inoculation treatment. Increased seed yield and N and P accumulation were also noticed under co-inoculation treatments. Soil available N was highest under sole bacterial inoculation and lowest under the control treatment, while soil available P was highest under co-inoculation treatments and lowest under the control treatment. We demonstrated that the co-inoculation of N-fixing bacteria and PSMs enhances P bioavailability and atmospheric N(2)-fixation in soybeans leading to improved soil fertility, raising crop yields, and promoting sustainable agriculture.
PMID: 36771765
Plants (Basel) , IF:3.935 , 2023 Feb , V12 (3) doi: 10.3390/plants12030658
Assessment of the Effect of Treating 'GiSelA 5' Softwood Cuttings with Biostimulants and Synthetic Auxin on Their Root Formation and Some of Their Physiological Parameters.
Department of Ornamental Plants, Dendrology and Pomology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Dabrowskiego 159, 60-594 Poznan, Poland.
The 'GiSelA 5' rootstock is of high importance for growing sweet cherries because it significantly reduces the growth vigour of the trees and accelerates their fruiting. However, the method of its propagation using 'in vitro' cultures is expensive, prompting researchers to look for alternative methods of propagation. One of these is the root formation in shoot cuttings. The experiment presented in this paper compared the use of powdered synthetic auxins (Rhizopon AA, Ukorzeniacz AB) and their alcoholic solution (IAA, IBA), and the biostimulants Goteo and Bispeed as foliar sprays for root formation in softwood cuttings 'GiSelA 5' and measured some parameters of physiological processes. In addition, two different substrates of river sand with peat (1:2) and peat substrate with perlite (2:1) were used. Cuttings were obtained on two dates, in the first and third years in the month of June. Biostimulants increased the number of rooted cuttings (Goteo-16.1%, Bispeed-18.1%) without improving their growth and the intensity of most of the analyzed physiological processes compared to the control. Synthetic preparations also increased the percentage of rooted cuttings Rhizopon AA (24.4%), Ukorzeniacz AB (21.4%), auxin IBA (19.7%) and auxin IAA (14.7%), while simultaneously improving their growth and level of vital processes compared to the controls and biostimulants. The substrate consisting of peat with sand improved root formation by 6.2%, without significantly changing the growth parameters and vital functions of the cuttings. The earlier date of propagation increased the root formation percentage only by 4% and the number of roots by 14% of the 'GiSelA 5' rootstock cuttings.
PMID: 36771741
J Plant Physiol , IF:3.549 , 2023 Apr , V283 : P153947 doi: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.153947
Overexpression of cotton Trihelix transcription factor GhGT-3b_A04 enhances resistance to Verticillium dahliae and affects plant growth in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China. Electronic address: mhaoming666@163.com.; Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China. Electronic address: zhangwenqing45@163.com.; Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China. Electronic address: ljyuan0426@163.com.; Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China. Electronic address: yangjiaxiang9803@163.com.; Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China. Electronic address: yangsx0721@163.com.; Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China. Electronic address: jiabing1814@126.com.; Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China. Electronic address: sjkow513@163.com.; Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China. Electronic address: wuman2004@163.com.; Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China. Electronic address: peiwenfeng1988@163.com.; Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China. Electronic address: mjj1699@126.com.; Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China. Electronic address: 1551016063@qq.com.; Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, 880033, USA. Electronic address: jinzhang@nmsu.edu.; Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China. Electronic address: wangli07-2@163.com.; Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China. Electronic address: yujw666@hotmail.com.
Verticillium wilt is a soil-borne fungal disease that severely affects cotton fiber yield and quality. Herein, a cotton Trihelix family gene, GhGT-3b_A04, was strongly induced by the fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae. Overexpression of the gene in Arabidopsis thaliana enhanced the plant's resistance to Verticillium wilt but inhibited the growth of rosette leaves. In addition, the primary root length, root hair number, and root hair length increased in GhGT-3b_A04-overexpressing plants. The density and length of trichomes on the rosette leaves also increased. GhGT-3b_A04 localized to the nucleus, and transcriptome analysis revealed that it induced gene expression for salicylic acid synthesis and signal transduction and activated gene expression for disease resistance. The gene expression for auxin signal transduction and trichome development was reduced in GhGT-3b_A04-overexpressing plants. Our results highlight important regulatory genes for Verticillium wilt resistance and cotton fiber quality improvement. The identification of GhGT-3b_A04 and other important regulatory genes can provide crucial reference information for future research on transgenic cotton breeding.
PMID: 36898190
J Plant Physiol , IF:3.549 , 2023 Mar , V282 : P153924 doi: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.153924
'Yunnan' quince rootstock promoted flower bud formation of 'Abbe Fetel' pear by altering hormone levels and PbAGL9 expression.
College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China. Electronic address: imcongliu@163.com.; College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China. Electronic address: 17835697357@139.com.; College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China. Electronic address: liushanshan215@yeah.net.; College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China. Electronic address: wangazheng0322@163.com.; College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China. Electronic address: zhongdishaonian@sina.com.; College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China. Electronic address: cqyang@nwsuaf.edu.cn.; College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China. Electronic address: wzhg001@163.com.; College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China. Electronic address: lingfxu2013@sina.com.
Flower busd formation is an important plant growth process. It has been reported that dwarfing rootstocks can significantly affect the flower bud formation of scions. In this study, we found the dwarfing rootstock 'Yunnan' quince could significantly increase the flowering rate of 'Abbe Fetel' pear scions. The RNA-sequencing data revealed significant changes in the expression of genes related to hormone pathways. Furthermore, hormone analyses indicated that 'Yunnan' quince significantly decreased the GA(3) content and increased the cytokinin/auxin ratio in 'Abbe Fetel' pear apical buds. The hormone contents were consistent with the RNA-sequencing data. Moreover, we found the flower development-related genes PbAGL9 and PbCAL-A1 were significantly upregulated and PbTFL1 was significantly downregulated in 'Abbe Fetel'/'Yunnan' quince apical buds. To further clarify the relationship between hormones and flowering-related genes, a hormone response assay was carried out. We found the expression levels of PbCAl-A1, PbTFL1 and PbAGL9 were regulated by hormones including GA(3), CPPU and NAA. Y1H and dual-luciferase assays indicated that PbAGL9 significantly decreased the promoter activity of PbTFL1. In summary, 'Yunnan' quince upregulated PbCAL-A1 and PbAGL9, and downregulated PbTFL1 expression by decreasing the GA(3) content and increasing the cytokinin/auxin ratio in 'Abbe Fetel' pear apical buds. Additionally, 'Yunnan' quince down-regulate PbTFL1 by upregulating the expression of PbAGL9, and eventually promoted floral induction in 'Abbe Fetel' pear.
PMID: 36805518
J Plant Physiol , IF:3.549 , 2023 Mar , V282 : P153929 doi: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.153929
PLDdelta, auxin, and H(2)O(2) mediated the allelopathic effect of cycloastragenol on root growth in Arabidopsis.
College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.; College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China. Electronic address: xbsd-yn@163.com.
Cycloastragenol (CAG) is a tetra-cyclic triterpenoid allelochemical. It has been widely studied in animals but rarely in plants. Here, we reported that a model allelochemical CAG inhibited primary root elongation of Arabidopsis by reducing the sizes of both the meristem and elongation zones. Phospholipase Ddelta(PLDdelta), hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), and auxin affected this process. After treatment with CAG, the expression of PLDdelta and the activity of the Phospholipase D(PLD) enzyme increased in WT. Mutants analysis demonstrated that PLDdelta negatively regulated the primary root elongation by CAG treatment. CAG treatment stimulated the accumulation of H(2)O(2) in roots. The production of H(2)O(2) was derived from cell wall peroxidase. Mutants analysis showed that PLDdelta positively regulated the production of H(2)O(2) by CAG treatment. CAG also decreased auxin content in the root tip by affecting the expression of auxin synthesis-related genes. PLDdelta was involved in the auxin reduction mediated by CAG, but H(2)O(2) did not participate in this process. In conclusion, PLDdelta, auxin, and H(2)O(2) mediated the inhibition of primary root growth by CAG in Arabidopsis.
PMID: 36724592
J Plant Physiol , IF:3.549 , 2023 Mar , V282 : P153919 doi: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.153919
Auxin alleviates cadmium toxicity by increasing vacuolar compartmentalization and decreasing long-distance translocation of cadmium in Poa pratensis.
College of Pratacultural Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Pratacultural Engineering Laboratory of Gansu Province, Sino-U.S. Center for Grazingland Ecosystem Sustainability, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China.; College of Pratacultural Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Pratacultural Engineering Laboratory of Gansu Province, Sino-U.S. Center for Grazingland Ecosystem Sustainability, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China. Electronic address: mahl@gsau.edu.cn.
Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) hyperaccumulates cadmium (Cd) and exhibits a hypertolerance. Thus, it has potential for the phytoremediation of Cd-containing soil. Auxin signaling is involved in the response to Cd stress. However, the mechanisms of auxin-mediated detoxification and Cd translocation in plants remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of exogenous application of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) on the Cd translocation, subcellular Cd distribution, chemical forms of Cd, and transcriptional regulation of Kentucky bluegrass. The results showed that the exogenous application of IAA increased the amount of organelle-bound Cd and vacuole-compartmentalized Cd in root cells, reduced the Cd concentration in the leaf tissues (epidermis, mesophyll, and vascular bundle) and root tissues (rhizodermis and cortex) but increased in the stele, and alleviate Cd-induced leaf chlorosis and growth inhibition. The expression of genes associated with Cd transporters (ABCs, ZIPs, NASs, OPTs, and YSLs), phosphatases, oxalate decarboxylases and lignin biosynthesis were significantly regulated by exogenous IAA under Cd stress. A positive regulation of phosphatases and oxalate decarboxylases genes related to an increase in phosphate- and oxalate-bound Cd, as well as a decrease in pectate- and protein-bound Cd and inorganic Cd, thereby contributing to a decrease in Cd phytotoxicity. The significant regulation of Cd transporters associated with decreasing the long-distance translocation of Cd, and the activation of lignin biosynthesis may contribute to the development of root endodermal barriers and increase the deposition of undissolved Cd phosphates and oxalate-bound Cd in the stele. These results revealed the important role of auxin in Cd detoxification and translocation in Kentucky bluegrass and they provide a theoretical basis for the phytoremediation of Cd-containing soil.
PMID: 36706576
J Plant Physiol , IF:3.549 , 2023 Feb , V281 : P153920 doi: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.153920
Transcriptome and anatomical studies reveal alterations in leaf thickness under long-term drought stress in tobacco.
Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China.; Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China. Electronic address: maxinghua@caas.cn.; State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou, 311300, China.; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, Agricultural College of Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.; Department of Agronomy, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, 25130, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.; Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China. Electronic address: shiyi@caas.cn.
Drought is one of the foremost environmental factors that limit the growth of plants. Leaf thickness (LT) is an important quantitative trait in plant physiology. The experiment was carried out in a growth room and the plants were divided into two groups such as well-watered and drought-stressed. This work investigated leaf growth in terms of leaf surface growth and expansion rate, leaf stomata traits, LT, anticlinal growth, and leaf cell layers. The results showed that the leaf area and leaf surface expansion rate were decreased by drought stress (DS). Similarly, LT, anticlinal expansion rate, palisade and spongy tissue thickness, and their related expansion rates were also decreased at different days' time points (DTP) of DS. However, a steady increase was observed in the aforementioned parameters after 12 DTP of DS. The stomatal density increased while stomata size decreased at 3 DTP and 12 DTP (low leaf water potential and relative leaf water content at these time points) and vice versa at 24 DTP compared with the well-watered plants indicating adaptations in these traits in response to DS, and thus the leaf water status played a role in the regulation of leaf stomata traits. The cell length decreased in the upper epidermis, palisade and spongy tissues by DS up to 12 DTP led to lower LT while an increase was observed after 12 DTP that resulted in higher LT. The increase in the LT was supported by the upregulation of starch and sucrose metabolism, glycerolipid metabolism, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum pathways at 18 DTP along with the differentially expressed genes induced that were related to cell wall remodeling (cellulose, expansin, xyloglucans) and cell expansion (auxin response factors and aquaporin). The results explain the response of leaf thickness to drought stress and show alterations in LT and leaf stomatal traits. This study might serve as a valuable source of gene information for functional studies and provide a theoretical basis to understand leaf growth in terms of leaf anatomy and leaf stomatal traits under drought stress.
PMID: 36680840
Plant Biol (Stuttg) , IF:3.081 , 2023 Apr , V25 (3) : P411-419 doi: 10.1111/plb.13511
Nitric oxide, calmodulin and calcium protein kinase interactions in the response of Brassica napus to salinity stress.
Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
Involvement of nitric oxide (NO) in plant metabolism and its connection with phytohormones has not been fully described, thus information about the role of this molecule in signalling pathways remains fragmented. In this study, the effects of NO on calmodulin (CAM), calcium protein kinase (CPK), content of phytohormones and secondary metabolites in canola plants under salinity stress were investigated. We applied 100 muM sodium nitroprusside as an NO source to canola plants grown under saline (100 mM NaCl) and non-saline conditions at the vegetative stage. Plant growth was negatively affected by salinity, but exogenous NO treatment improved growth. NO caused a significant increase in activity of CAT, SOD and POX through their enhanced gene expression in stressed canola. Salinity-responsive genes, namely CAM and CPK, were induced by NO in plants grown under salinity. NO application enhanced phenolic compounds, such as gallic acid and coumaric acid and flavonoid compound,s catechin, diadzein and kaempferol, in plants subjected to salinity. NO treatment enhanced abscisic acid and brassinosteroids but decreased auxin and gibberellin in stressed canola plants. The impacts of NO in improving stress tolerance in canola required CAM and CPK. Also, NO signalling re-established the phytohormone balance and resulted in enhanced tolerance to salt stress. Furthermore, NO improved salinity tolerance in canola by increasing enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant content.
PMID: 36779525
Plant Biol (Stuttg) , IF:3.081 , 2023 Mar , V25 (2) : P308-321 doi: 10.1111/plb.13489
Cold stress triggers freezing tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) via hormone regulation and transcription of related genes.
College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
Low temperatures limit the geographic distribution and yield of plants. Hormones play an important role in coordinating the growth and development of plants and their tolerance to low temperatures. However, the mechanisms by which hormones affect plant resistance to extreme cold stress in the natural environment are still unclear. In this study, two winter wheat varieties with different cold resistances, Dn1 and J22, were used to conduct targeted plant hormone metabolome analysis on the tillering nodes of winter wheat at 5 degrees C, -10 degrees C and -25 degrees C using an LC-ESI-MS/MS system. We screened 39 hormones from 88 plant hormone metabolites and constructed a partial regulatory network of auxin, jasmonic acid and cytokinin. GO analysis and enrichment of KEGG pathways in different metabolites showed that the 'plant hormone signal transduction' pathway was the most common. Our study showed that extreme low temperature increased the most levels of auxin, cytokinin and salicylic acid, and decreased levels of jasmonic acid and abscisic acid, and that levels of auxin, jasmonic acid and cytokinin in Dn1 were higher than those in J22. These changes in hormone levels were associated with changes in gene expression in synthesis, catabolism, transport and signal transduction pathways. These results differ from the previous hormone regulation mechanisms, which were mostly obtained at 4 degrees C. Our results provide a basis for further understanding the molecular mechanisms by which plant endogenous hormones regulate plant freezing stress tolerance.
PMID: 36385725
Plant Direct , IF:3.038 , 2023 Mar , V7 (3) : Pe486 doi: 10.1002/pld3.486
Identification of new potential downstream transcriptional targets of the strigolactone pathway including glucosinolate biosynthesis.
School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia.; ARC Centre for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture The University of Queensland St Lucia Queensland Australia.; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Brisbane Queensland Australia.; Institute for Plant Biochemistry Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf Germany.; School of Agriculture, Food and Wine The University of Adelaide Glen Osmond South Australia Australia.
Strigolactones regulate shoot branching and many aspects of plant growth, development, and allelopathy. Strigolactones are often discussed alongside auxin because they work together to inhibit shoot branching. However, the roles and mechanisms of strigolactones and how they act independently of auxin are still elusive. Additionally, there is still much in general to be discovered about the network of molecular regulators and their interactions in response to strigolactones. Here, we conducted an experiment in Arabidopsis with physiological treatments and strigolactone mutants to determine transcriptional pathways associated with strigolactones. The three physiological treatments included shoot tip removal with and without auxin treatment and treatment of intact plants with the auxin transport inhibitor, N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA). We identified the glucosinolate biosynthesis pathway as being upregulated across strigolactone mutants indicating strigolactone-glucosinolate crosstalk. Additionally, strigolactone application cannot restore the highly branched phenotype observed in glucosinolate biosynthesis mutants, placing glucosinolate biosynthesis downstream of strigolactone biosynthesis. Oxidative stress genes were enriched across the experiment suggesting that this process is mediated through multiple hormones. Here, we also provide evidence supporting non-auxin-mediated, negative feedback on strigolactone biosynthesis. Increases in strigolactone biosynthesis gene expression seen in strigolactone mutants could not be fully restored by auxin. By contrast, auxin could fully restore auxin-responsive gene expression increases, but not sugar signaling-related gene expression. Our data also point to alternative roles of the strigolactone biosynthesis genes and potential new signaling functions of strigolactone precursors. In this study, we identify a strigolactone-specific regulation of glucosinolate biosynthesis genes indicating that the two are linked and may work together in regulating stress and shoot ranching responses in Arabidopsis. Additionally, we provide evidence for non-auxinmediated feedback on strigolactone biosynthesis and discuss this in the context of sugar signaling.
PMID: 36945724
Transgenic Res , IF:2.788 , 2023 Feb doi: 10.1007/s11248-023-00337-x
Functional characterization of transcriptional activator gene SIARRI in tomato reveals its role in fruit growth and ripening.
College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.; Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Sivas University of Science and Technology, 58140, Sivas, Turkey.; Department of Horticulture, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan, 60000, Pakistan.; Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Crop Production Sciences, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan.; Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University College of Agriculture, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.; Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Cukurova University, 01330, Adana, Turkey.; North Florida Research and Education Centre (NFREC), University of Florida, 155 Research Road, Quincy, FL, 32351, USA.; Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey.; Department of Biological and Geological Sciences, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11341, Egypt. hebaibrahim79@gmail.com.
Auxins regulate several characteristics of plant development and growth. Here, we characterized a new transcriptional activator SIARRI which binds specific DNA sequences and was revealed in Arabidopsis (ARR1). SIARRI acts as a two-component response regulator and its Arabidopsis homologous gene is AT3G16857. It belongs to the subfamily of type-B response regulators in the cytokinin signaling pathway. The study aimed to characterize the transgenic Micro-Tom plants by the overexpression of Solanum lycopersicum two-component response regulator ARR1. Overexpression of SIARRI results in a pleiotropic phenotype during fruit development and ripening. This study indicates that SIARRI is a primary regulator of leaf morphology and fruit development. Moreover, overexpressed plants showed variations in growth related to auxin as well as shorter hypocotyl elongation, enlarged leaf vascularization, and decreased apical dominance. The qRT-PCR investigation revealed that expression was downregulated at the breaker stage and high at Br+6 at various stages of fruit growth and ripening. In contrast to the fruit color, lycopene and beta-carotene concentrations in red-yellow overexpression line fruits were reduced significantly, and also slightly reduced in some red fruits. The quantity of beta-carotene in the transgenic fruits was lower than that of lycopene. This study showed that this gene might be a new transcriptional activator in fruit development and ripening. Furthermore, this study will provide new insights into tomato fruit ripening.
PMID: 36806962
Braz J Microbiol , IF:2.476 , 2023 Mar , V54 (1) : P397-406 doi: 10.1007/s42770-022-00874-3
Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis promote tomato growth.
Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, 37200-900, Brazil.; Chr-Hansen Industria E Comercio Ltda, Valinhos, SP, 13278-327, Brazil.; Embrapa Meio Ambiente, Rod. SP-340 Km 1275, 13.918-110, Jaguariuna, SP, Brazil. wagner.bettiol@embrapa.br.
Bacillus spp. are widely marketed and used in agricultural systems as antagonists to various phytopathogens, but it can also benefit the plant as plant growth promoters. Therefore, the longer presence of the bacterium in the rhizosphere would result in a prolonged growth-promoting benefit, but little is yet known about its persistence in the rhizosphere after seed coating. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the tomato growth promotion mediated by Bacillus licheniformis FMCH001 and Bacillus subtilis FMCH002 and the survival rate of these bacteria both in shoots and in the rhizosphere. The Bacillus strains used throughout this study were obtained from Quartzo(R) produced by Chr. Hansen. The application of a mixture of B. subtilis and B. licheniformis (Quartzo(R)) at concentrations 1 x 10(8), 1 x 10(9), and 1 x 10(10) CFU mL(-1), as well as the application of B. subtilis and B. licheniformis individually at concentration 1 x 10(8) CFU mL(-1), increased fresh and dry masses of shoot and root system, volume of root system, and length of roots of tomato plants when compared to control. Both Bacillus strains produced IAA after 48 h of in vitro. Bacillus colonies obtained from plant sap were morphologically similar to colonies of B. subtilis and B. licheniformis strains and were detected in inoculated on plants and not detected in control ones. A similar pattern was obtained through DNA-based detection (qPCR). Therefore, B. subtilis and B. licheniformis were able to produce auxin, promote tomato growth, and colonize and persist in the rhizosphere.
PMID: 36422850
Can J Microbiol , IF:2.419 , 2023 Feb , V69 (2) : P103-116 doi: 10.1139/cjm-2022-0181
Bacterial secondary metabolites: possible mechanism for weed suppression in wheat.
Department of Soil Science, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab 63100, Pakistan.; Institute of Agricultural Sciences in the Tropics (Hans-Ruthenberg-Institute), University of Hohenheim, Germany.; Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab 38040, Pakistan.
Chemical weed control is an effective method, but has proved hazardous for humans, environment, and soil biodiversity. Use of allelopathic bacteria may be more efficient and sustainable weed control measure. The bacterial inoculants have never been studied in context of their interaction with weed root exudates and precursor-dependent production of the natural phytotoxins (cyanide, cytolytic enzymes and auxin) by these strains to understand their weed suppression and wheat growth promotion abilities. Therefore, root exudates of Avena fatua, Phalaris minor, Rumex dentatus, and wheat were quantified and their role in microbial root colonization and secondary metabolite production, i.e., cyanide, cytolytic enzymes, phenolics, and elevated auxin concentration, was studied. The results depicted l-tryptophan and glycine as major contributors of elevated cyanide and elevated levels in weed rhizosphere by the studied Pseudomonas strains, through their higher root colonization ability in weeds as compared with wheat. Furthermore, the higher root colonization also enhanced p-coumaric acid (photosynthesis inhibitor by impairing cytochrome c oxidase activity in plants) and cytolytic enzyme (root cell wall degradation) concentration in weed rhizosphere. In conclusion, the differential root colonization of wheat and weeds by these strains is responsible for enhancing weed suppression (enhancing phytotoxic effect) and wheat growth promotion (lowering phytotoxic effect).
PMID: 36379032
Can J Microbiol , IF:2.419 , 2023 Feb , V69 (2) : P88-102 doi: 10.1139/cjm-2022-0074
Neighbours in nodules: the interactions between Frankia sp. ACN10a and non-Frankia nodular endophytes of alder.
Centre SEVE, Departement de biologie, Faculte des Sciences, Universite de Sherbrooke, 2500 boulevard de l'Universite, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, J1K 2R1.
In the present study, we report the in vitro interactions between Frankia sp. ACN10a and non-Frankia nodular endophytes (NFNE) isolated from alder. The supernatant of NFNE grown in nitrogen-replete medium had neutral or negative effects on Frankia growth; none had a stimulatory effect. Inhibitory effects were observed for supernatants of some NFNE, notably Micromonospora, Pseudomonas, Serratia and Stenotrophomonas isolates. However, some NFNE-Frankia coculture supernatants could stimulate Frankia growth when used as a culture medium supplement. This was observed for supernatants of Frankia cocultured with Microvirga and Streptomyces isolates. In nitrogen-limited conditions, cocultures of Frankia with some NFNE, including some rhizobia and Cytobacillus, resulted in higher total biomass than Frankia-only cultures, suggesting cooperation, while other NFNE were strongly antagonistic. Microscopic observation of cocultures also revealed compromised Frankia membrane integrity, and some differentiation into stress resistance-associated morphotypes such as sporangia and reproductive torulose hyphae (RTH). Furthermore, the coculture of Frankia with Serratia sp. isolates resulted in higher concentrations of the auxinic plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid and related indolic compounds in the culture supernatant. This study sheds new light on the breadth of microbial interactions that occur amongst bacteria that inhabit the understudied ecological niche of the alder nodule.
PMID: 36288608
Can J Microbiol , IF:2.419 , 2023 Feb , V69 (2) : P72-87 doi: 10.1139/cjm-2022-0073
Deciphering the role of non-Frankia nodular endophytes in alder through in vitro and genomic characterization.
Centre SEVE, Departement de biologie, Faculte des Sciences, Universite de Sherbrooke, 2500 boulevard de l'Universite, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, J1K 2R1.
Endophytic bacterial populations are well-positioned to provide benefits to their host plants such as nutrient acquisition and plant hormone level manipulation. Actinorhizal plants such as alders are well known for their microbial symbioses that allow them to colonize harsh environments whether natural or anthropized. Although the nitrogen-fixing actinobacterium Frankia sp. is the main endophyte found in alder root nodules, other bacterial genera, whose roles remain poorly defined, inhabit this niche. In this study, we isolated a diverse panel of non-Frankia nodular endophytes (NFNE). Some NFNE were isolated from alders grown from surface-sterilized seeds and maintained in sterile conditions, suggesting these may have been seed-borne. In vitro testing of 24 NFNE revealed some possessed putative plant growth promotion traits. Their genomes were also sequenced to identify genes related to plant growth promotion traits. This study highlights the complexity of the alder nodular microbial community. It paves the way for further understanding of the biology of nodules and could help improve land reclamation practices that involve alders.
PMID: 36288604
Mol Biol Rep , IF:2.316 , 2023 Apr , V50 (4) : P3617-3632 doi: 10.1007/s11033-022-08123-4
Physiological and iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics analyses reveal the similarities and differences in stress responses between short-term boron deficiency and toxicity in wheat roots.
College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China.; College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China. hdy001@126.com.
BACKGROUND: Boron (B) is a trace element that is essential for normal wheat development, such as root growth. In wheat, roots are important organs that absorb nutrients and water. However, at present, there is insufficient research on the molecular mechanism underlying how short-term B stress affects wheat root growth. METHODS AND RESULTS: Here, the optimal concentration of B for wheat root growth was determined, and the proteomic profiles of roots under short-term B deficiency and toxicity were analyzed and compared by the isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) technique. A total of 270 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) that accumulated in response to B deficiency and 263 DAPs that accumulated in response to B toxicity were identified. Global expression analysis revealed that ethylene, auxin, abscisic acid (ABA), and Ca(2+) signals were involved in the responses to these two stresses. Under B deficiency, DAPs related to auxin synthesis or signaling and DAPs involved in calcium signaling increased in abundance. In striking contrast, auxin and calcium signals were repressed under B toxicity. Twenty-one DAPs were detected under both conditions, including RAN1 that played a core role in the auxin and calcium signals. Overexpression of RAN1 was shown to confer plant resistance to B toxicity by activating auxin response genes, including TIR and those identified by iTRAQ in this research. Moreover, growth of the primary roots of tir mutant was significantly inhibited under B toxicity. CONCLUSION: Taken together, these results indicate that some connections were present between RAN1 and the auxin signaling pathway under B toxicity. Therefore, this research provides data for improving the understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying the response to B stress.
PMID: 36795283
Mol Biol Rep , IF:2.316 , 2023 Feb , V50 (2) : P1089-1099 doi: 10.1007/s11033-022-07999-6
Phylogeny, gene structures, and expression patterns of the auxin response factor (GhARF2) in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.).
College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.; Postdoctoral Research Base, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China.; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China.; College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China. tangjihua1@163.com.; Postdoctoral Research Base, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China. wangql985@163.com.
BACKGROUND: Auxin response factors (ARFs) are a class of transcription factors that regulate the expression of auxin-responsive genes and play important functions in plant growth and development. To understand the biological functions of the auxin response factor GhARF2 gene in upland cotton, the coding sequence (CDS) of GhARF2 gene was cloned, and its protein sequence, evolutionary relationship, subcellular localization and expression pattern were analysed. METHODS: The CDS sequence of GhARF2 gene was cloned from upland cotton variety Baimian No.1, and its protein sequence was analyzed by bioinformatics method. The subcellular localization of GhARF2 protein was detected by tobacco epidermal transient transformation system, and the tissue expression and stress expression pattern of GhARF2 were analyzed by quantitative Real‑Time PCR (qRT-PCR). RESULTS: The full-length CDS of GhARF2 gene was 2583 bp, encoded 860 amino acids, and had a molecular weight and an isoelectric point of 95.46 KDa and 6.02, respectively. The GhARF2 protein had multiple phosphorylation sites, no transmembrane domain, and secondary structures dominated by random coils and alpha helix. The GhARF2 protein had 3 conserved typical domains of ARF gene family members, including the B3 DNA binding domain, the Auxin_resp domain, and the Aux/IAA domain. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that ARF2 proteins in different species were clustered in the Group A subgroup, in which GhARF2 was closely related to TcARF2 of Theobroma cacao L. (Malvaceae). The subcellular localization results showed that the GhARF2 protein was localized in the nucleus. Analysis of tissue expression pattern showed that the GhARF2 gene was expressed in all tested tissues, with the highest expression levels in sepal, followed by leaf, and the lowest expression levels in fiber. Further stress expression analysis showed that the GhARF2 gene was induced by drought, high-temperature, low-temperature and salt stress, and had different expression patterns under different stress conditions. CONCLUSION: These results established a foundation for understanding the functions of GhARF2 and breeding varieties with high-stress tolerance in cotton.
PMID: 36399242
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek , IF:2.271 , 2023 Mar , V116 (3) : P231-242 doi: 10.1007/s10482-022-01800-1
Devosia oryzisoli sp. nov., a novel moderately halotolerant bacterium isolated from the roots of rice plants and genome mining revealed the biosynthesis potential as plant growth promoter.
Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, 10326, Goyang, South Korea.; Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, 10326, Goyang, South Korea. tseo@dongguk.edu.
A Gram-stain-negative, halotolerant bacterium designated as PTR5(T) was isolated from the roots of rice plants, collected in Ilsan, South Korea. Cells were, aerobic, asporogenous, motile, rod-shaped, white in color, and grew at 5-38 degrees C (optimum 30 degrees C), at pH 5.0-0-8.0 (optimum, 7.0) and tolerates up to 10% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0% NaCl). According to the EZbioCloud server the most closely related Devosia species to strain PTR5(T) based on 16 S rRNA gene sequence comparison are Devosia crocina (97.4%), followed by D. soli (97.2%), D. lucknowensis (96.9%) and D. marina (96.5%). The respiratory quinone was identified as Q-10. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. C(16:0), C(18:1) omega7c 11-methyl and summed feature 8 (comprising C(18:1) omega7c/C(18:1) omega6c) constituted the main cellular fatty acids. The draft genome sequence of strain PTR5(T) was 3,689,283 bp in size. The average nucleotide identity (ANI), digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) and amino acid identity (AAI) values between strain PTR5(T) and its close relative were 72.8-76.8%, 19-20.7% and 70.3-75%, respectively. The G + C content was 63.7%. Strain PTR5(T) was able to produce siderophore and indole acetic acid (IAA) in the presence of L-tryptophan. Genes for siderophore production, auxin responsive and tryptophan biosynthesis were present in the genome of novel strain. Also, gene clusters involved in detoxification of various metal pollutants and antibiotics were also revealed in the genome of novel strain PTR5(T), this suggest that novel strain can facilitate bioremediation of heavy metals and antibiotics in contaminated areas. This study aimed to determine the detailed taxonomic position of the strain PTR5(T) using the modern polyphasic approach. On the basis of evidence presented in this study, strain PTR5(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Devosia, for which the name Devosia oryzisoli sp. nov. (type strain PTR5(T) (KCTC 82691(T) = TBRC 15163(T)) is proposed.
PMID: 36525157
Plant Signal Behav , IF:2.247 , 2023 Dec , V18 (1) : P2163342 doi: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2163342
Cloning and expression study of a high-affinity nitrate transporter gene from Zea mays L.
Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.; Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.; Aulin College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
A nitrate transporter gene, named B46NRT2.1, from salt-tolerant Zea mays L. B46 has been cloned. B46NRT2.1 contained the same domain belonging to the major facilitator superfamily (PLN00028). The results of the phylogenetic tree indicated that B46NRT2.1 exhibits sequence similarity and the closest relationship with those known nitrate transporters of the NRT2 family. Through RT-qPCR, we found that the expression of B46NRT2.1 mainly happens in the root and leaf. Moreover, the treatment with NaCl, Na(2)CO(3), and NaHCO(3) could significantly increase the expression of B46NRT2.1. B46NRT2.1 was located in the plasma membrane. Through the study of yeast and plant salt response brought by B46NRT2.1 overexpression, we have preliminary knowledge that the expression of B46NRT2.1 makes yeast and plants respond to salt shock. There are 10 different kinds of cis-acting regulatory elements (CRES) in the promotor sequences of B46NRT2.1 gene using the PlantCARE web server to analyze. It mainly includes hormone response, abscisic acid, salicylic acid, gibberellin, methyl jasmonate, and auxin. The B46NRT2.1 gene's co-expression network showed that it was co-expressed with a number of other genes in several biological pathways, including regulation of NO(3) long-distance transit, modulation of nitrate sensing and metabolism, nitrate assimilation, and transduction of Jasmonic acid-independent wound signal. The results of this work should serve as a good scientific foundation for further research on the functions of the NRT2 gene family in plants (inbred line B46), and this research adds to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms under salt tolerance.
PMID: 36645908
Genome , IF:2.166 , 2023 Mar doi: 10.1139/gen-2022-0072
Paenibacillus terrae NK3-4 Regulates the Transcription of Growth-related and Stress Resistance-related Genes in Rice.
Shangrao Normal University, 12393, College of Life Science, Shangrao, Jiangxi, China; liuwz19801005@sina.com.; Shangrao Normal University, 12393, College of Life Science, Shangrao, Jiangxi, China; 1987972026@qq.com.; Shangrao Normal University, 12393, College of Life Science, Shangrao, Jiangxi, China; 1980859558@qq.com.; Shangrao Normal University, 12393, Shangrao, Jiangxi, China; 2339483506@qq.com.; Shangrao Normal University, 12393, College of Life Science, Shangrao, Jiangxi, China.; Heilongjiang Academy of Land Reclamation, harbin, Heilongjiang, China; wenqingyu09@163.com.; Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Reclamation Sciences, Haerbin, Heilongjiang, China; 349602519@qq.com.
Paenibacillus terrae NK3-4 is a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium. In this study, the effects of NK3-4 on rice growth and gene transcription were determined. The results indicated that a seed soaking treatment and a pre-germination seed treatment using NK3-4 promoted rice growth, especially spraying rice seedlings with NK3-4 increased the root number and root length by 34.2% and 34.1%, respectively. Moreover, NK3-4 induced the differential transcription of genes annotated with GO terms; the number of up-regulated genes was 4.38-times higher than the number of down-regulated genes. The NK3-4 treatment induced the differential transcription of genes in 1,794 GO functional groups, with 1,531 functional groups containing up-regulated genes. Specific growth-related genes up-regulated by NK3-4 are involved in biological processes, including responses to auxin, hormone biosynthesis, cellular component biogenesis, root system development and other functions. Furthermore, stress resistance-related genes were up-regulated, some of which encode WRKYs, NPK1-related protein kinase, NPR1-like 4, CaM-like proteins, MYBs, ERFs, TIFYs, NACs, EL5s, PR1s, PR2, PR8, PODs, PALs, PAD4. Considered together, these findings imply that NK3-4 may promote plant growth and enhance stress resistance by regulating gene expression, making it a potentially useful microbe for regulating rice growth and stress resistance.
PMID: 36927123
Life Sci Space Res (Amst) , IF:2.082 , 2023 Feb , V36 : P138-146 doi: 10.1016/j.lssr.2022.10.005
Comprehensive analyses of plant hormones in etiolated pea and maize seedlings grown under microgravity conditions in space: Relevance to the International Space Station experiment "Auxin Transport".
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan. Electronic address: yamazaki.chiaki@jaxa.jp.; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan. Electronic address: yamazaki.tomokazu@jaxa.jp.; Mass Spectrometry and Microscopy Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan. Electronic address: mikiko@riken.jp.; Mass Spectrometry and Microscopy Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan. Electronic address: yumiko.takebayashi@riken.jp.; Mass Spectrometry and Microscopy Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan. Electronic address: sakaki@agr.nagoya-u.ac.jp.; Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan. Electronic address: ueda-f@basil.ocn.ne.jp.; Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyamacho-minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan. Electronic address: m.oka@muses.tottori-u.ac.jp.; Future Development Division, Advanced Engineering Services Co., Ltd., 1-6-1 Takezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0032, Japan. Electronic address: kamada.motoshi@jaxa.jp.; Technology and Research Promotion Department, Japan Space Forum, Shin-Otemachi Bldg. 7F, 2-2-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan. Electronic address: shimazu@spacelife.tokyo.; Utilization Engineering Department, Japan Manned Space System Corporation, Space Station Test Building, Tsukuba Space Center, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan. Electronic address: kasahara.haruo@jaxa.jp.; Utilization Engineering Department, Japan Manned Space System Corporation, Space Station Test Building, Tsukuba Space Center, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan. Electronic address: sano.hiromi@jaxa.jp.; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan. Electronic address: suzuki.tomomi@jaxa.jp.; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan. Electronic address: higashibata.akira@jaxa.jp.; Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan. Electronic address: k.miyamoto@omu.ac.jp.; Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan. Electronic address: w21913n@omu.ac.jp.
Functional relationships between endogenous levels of plant hormones in the growth and development of shoots in etiolated Alaska pea and etiolated Golden Cross Bantam maize seedlings under different gravities were investigated in the "Auxin Transport" experiment aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Comprehensive analyses of 31 species of plant hormones of pea and maize seedlings grown under microgravity (mug) in space and 1 g conditions were conducted. Principal component analysis (PCA) and a multiple regression analysis with the dataset from the plant hormone analysis of the etiolated pea seedlings grown under mug and 1 g conditions in the presence and absence of 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) revealed endogenous levels of auxin correlated positively with bending and length of epicotyls. Endogenous cytokinins correlated negatively with them. These results suggest an interaction of auxin and cytokinins in automorphogenesis and growth inhibition of etiolated Alaska pea epicotyls grown under mug conditions in space. Less polar auxin transport with reduced endogenous levels of auxin increased endogenous levels of cytokinins, resulting in changing the growth direction of epicotyls and inhibiting growth. On the other hand, almost no close relationship between endogenous plant hormone levels and growth and development in etiolated maize seedlings grown was observed under mug conditions in space, as per Schulze et al. (1992). However, endogenous levels of IAA in the seedlings grown under mug conditions in space were significantly higher than those grown on Earth, similar to the cases of polar auxin transport already reported.
PMID: 36682823
Curr Issues Mol Biol , IF:2.081 , 2023 Mar , V45 (3) : P2372-2380 doi: 10.3390/cimb45030153
Early Fruit Development Regulation-Related Genes Concordantly Expressed with TCP Transcription Factors in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum).
Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.; Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11241, Egypt.; R&D Department, Al Borg Diagnostics, Jeddah 23514, Saudi Arabia.; Biological Sciences Department, College of Science & Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia.; National Research Centre, Department of Microbial Genetics, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, Giza 12622, Egypt.; Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is considered one of the most important vegetable crops globally, both agronomically and economically; however, its fruit development regulation network is still unclear. The transcription factors serve as master regulators, activating many genes and/or metabolic pathways throughout the entire plant life cycle. In this study, we identified the transcription factors that are coordinated with TCP gene family regulation in early fruit development by making use of the high-throughput sequencing of RNA (RNAseq) technique. A total of 23 TCP-encoding genes were found to be regulated at various stages during the growth of the fruit. The expression patterns of five TCPs were consistent with those of other transcription factors and genes. There are two unique subgroups of this larger family: class I and class II TCPs. Others were directly associated with the growth and/or ripening of fruit, while others were involved in the production of the hormone auxin. Moreover, it was discovered that TCP18 had an expression pattern that was similar to that of the ethylene-responsive transcription factor 4 (ERF4). Tomato fruit set and overall development are under the direction of a gene called auxin response factor 5 (ARF5). TCP15 revealed an expression that was in sync with this gene. This study provides insight into the potential processes that help in acquiring superior fruit qualities by accelerating fruit growth and ripening.
PMID: 36975523
Biosci Biotechnol Biochem , IF:2.043 , 2023 Mar doi: 10.1093/bbb/zbad029
Analysis of the effect of each plant hormone on the maturation of woodland strawberry fruit in auxin-induced parthenocarpic fruit.
Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan.; Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.; Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan.
Evaluation of individual roles of plant hormones in fruit development is difficult because various plant hormones function simultaneously. In this study, to analyze the effect of plant hormones on fruit maturation one by one, plant hormones were applied to auxin-induced parthenocarpic woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca) fruits. As a result, auxin, gibberellin (GA) and jasmonate but not abscisic acid and ethylene increased the proportion of ultimately mature fruits. So far, to produce comparable fruit with pollinated fruit in size, auxin with GA treatment was required in woodland strawberry. Picrolam (Pic), the most potent auxin in inducing parthenocarpic fruit, induced fruit which is comparable in size with pollinated fruit without GA. The endogenous GA level and the result of the RNA interference analysis of the main GA biosynthetic gene suggest that a basal level of endogenous GA is essential for fruit development. The effect of other plant hormones was also discussed.
PMID: 36914217
Genes Genomics , IF:1.839 , 2023 Apr , V45 (4) : P401-412 doi: 10.1007/s13258-022-01321-1
Transcriptomic profiling of the cold stress and recovery responsiveness of two contrasting Guizhou HE rice genotypes.
Guizhou Rice Research Institute, Guizhou Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, 550006, China.; College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.; Guizhou Rice Research Institute, Guizhou Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, 550006, China. 13984033281@139.com.
BACKGROUND: At the seed germination stage, rice is sensitive to cold stress, which adversely affects its growth and development. Guizhou HE rice comprises several different landraces, most of which are cold tolerant. OBJECTIVE: To identify differentially expressed genes and molecular mechanism underlying the cold tolerance of Guizhou HE. METHODS: Two Guizhou HE genotypes, AC44 (cold-sensitive) and AC96 (cold-tolerant), which exhibit opposite phenotypes in response to cold treatment at the seed germination stage were used. Comprehensive gene expressions of AC44 and AC96 under 4 degrees C cold treatment and subsequent recovery conditions were comparatively analyzed by RNA sequencing. RESULTS: Overall, 11,082 and 7749 differentially expressed genes were detected in AC44 and AC96, respectively. Comparative transcriptome analysis demonstrated that, compared with AC44, AC96 presented fewer upregulated and downregulated genes. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses demonstrated that AC96 presented more upregulated GO terms, especially terms associated with biological processes. However, AC44 presented more terms related to cellular components, mainly chloroplasts. Moreover, DEGs related to the auxin signaling pathway (including ARF and IAA family members) and transcription factors (including members of the F-box, bZIP, basic helix-loop-helix [bHLH], and MYB-like transcription factor families) were found to be expressed specifically in AC96; thus, these DEGs may be responsible for the cold tolerance of AC96. CONCLUSIONS: These findings present information about the cold tolerance mechanism of Guizhou HE rice at the germination stage, providing valuable resources and candidate genes for breeding cold-tolerant rice genotypes.
PMID: 36469228
C R Biol , IF:1.583 , 2023 Feb , V345 (4) : P129-148 doi: 10.5802/crbiol.98
Morphogenesis at the shoot meristem.
Shoot apical meristems are populations of stem cells which initiate the aerial parts of higher plants. Work during the last decades has revealed a complex network of molecular regulators, which control both meristem maintenance and the production of different types of organs. The behavior of this network in time and space is defined by the local interactions between regulators and also involves hormonal regulation. In particular, auxin and cytokinin are intimately implicated in the coordination of gene expression patterns. To control growth patterns at the shoot meristem the individual components of the network influence directions and rates of cell growth. This requires interference with the mechanical properties of the cells. How this complex multiscale process, characterized by multiple feedbacks, is controlled remains largely an open question. Fortunately, genetics, live imaging, computational modelling and a number of other recently developed tools offer interesting albeit challenging perspectives.
PMID: 36847122
STAR Protoc , 2023 Mar , V4 (2) : P102184 doi: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102184
Protocol for real-time imaging, polar protein quantification, and targeted laser ablation of regenerating shoot progenitors in Arabidopsis.
Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune 411008, India; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India. Electronic address: mabel.m.mathew@gmail.com.; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune 411008, India; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India.; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune 411008, India; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India. Electronic address: kalika.prasad@iiserpune.ac.in.
Here, we provide a protocol for real-time tracking of regenerating shoot progenitors, combined with polar protein quantification and targeted laser ablation of callus cells in Arabidopsis. Using Arabidopsis strains expressing GFP-labeled polar auxin efflux carrier, PINFORMED 1 (PIN1) protein, we detail steps to prepare the callus for time-lapse confocal imaging and track the progenitors expressing PIN1-GFP, followed by mapping and quantifying PIN1 polarity using Fiji/ImageJ. We then describe targeted laser ablation of cells and subsequent time-lapse imaging to study regeneration. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Varapparambath et al. (2022).(1).
PMID: 36952331
Plant Commun , 2023 Mar : P100590 doi: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100590
The TaTCP4/10-B1 cascade regulates awn elongation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).
Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.; Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China. Electronic address: nizf@cau.edu.cn.
Awns are important morphological markers for wheat and have a strong physiological function on its yield. Recently, the awn elongation suppressor B1 has been cloned through association and linkage analysis in wheat. However, the mechanism of awn inhibition centered around B1 remains largely elusive. Here, we identified an allelic variant in the coding region of B1 through re-sequencing data analysis, which leads to amino acid substitution and premature termination, and causes a long awn phenotype. Transcriptome analysis indicated that B1 inhibited awn elongation by impeding cytokinin- and auxin-promoted cell division. Moreover, B1 directly repressed the expressions of TaRAE2 and TaLks2, of which the orthologs were reported to promote awn development in rice or barley. More importantly, we found that TaTCP4 and TaTCP10 synergistically inhibited the expression of B1, while a G to A mutation in the B1 promoter attenuated the inhibition by TaTCP4/10. Taken together, our results reveal novel mechanisms of awn development and provided genetic resources for trait improvement in wheat.
PMID: 36919240
PNAS Nexus , 2023 Feb , V2 (2) : Ppgad002 doi: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad002
Histone deacetylation regulates de novo shoot regeneration.
Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.; Plant Genomic Network Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.; Plant Epigenome Regulation Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.; Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan.; Academic Assembly (Faculty of Science), Yamagata University, Kojirakawa, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan.; Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka 808-0196, Japan.; Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan.; School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan.; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo Hangi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 60-8522, Japan.; Biotechnology Research Department, Kyoto Prefectural Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries Technology Centre, 74 Kitaina Yazuma Oji, Seika, Kyoto 619-0244, Japan.; International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan.; International Research Center for Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-855, Japan.; College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan.
During de novo plant organ regeneration, auxin induction mediates the formation of a pluripotent cell mass called callus, which regenerates shoots upon cytokinin induction. However, molecular mechanisms underlying transdifferentiation remain unknown. Here, we showed that the loss of HDA19, a histone deacetylase (HDAC) family gene, suppresses shoot regeneration. Treatment with an HDAC inhibitor revealed that the activity of this gene is essential for shoot regeneration. Further, we identified target genes whose expression was regulated through HDA19-mediated histone deacetylation during shoot induction and found that ENHANCER OF SHOOT REGENERATION 1 and CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON 2 play important roles in shoot apical meristem formation. Histones at the loci of these genes were hyperacetylated and markedly upregulated in hda19. Transient ESR1 or CUC2 overexpression impaired shoot regeneration, as observed in hda19. Therefore, HDA19 mediates direct histone deacetylation of CUC2 and ESR1 loci to prevent their overexpression at the early stages of shoot regeneration.
PMID: 36845349
MicroPubl Biol , 2023 , V2023 doi: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000708
ARF19 Condensation in the Arabidopsis Stomatal Lineage.
Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
The phytohormone auxin regulates nearly every aspect of plant development. Transcriptional responses to auxin are driven by the activities of the AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR family of transcription factors. ARF19 (AT1G19220) is critical in the auxin signaling pathway and has previously been shown to undergo protein condensation to tune auxin responses in the root. However, ARF19 condensation dynamics in other organs has not yet been described. In the Arabidopsis stomatal lineage, we found that ARF19 cytoplasmic condensates are enriched in guard cells and pavement cells, terminally differentiated cells in the leaf epidermis. This result is consistent with previous studies showing ARF19 condensation in mature root tissues. Our data reveal that the sequestration of ARF19 into cytoplasmic condensation in differentiated leaf epidermal cells is similar to root-specific condensation patterns.
PMID: 36814574
Microbiol Resour Announc , 2023 Feb , V12 (2) : Pe0104622 doi: 10.1128/mra.01046-22
Draft Genome Sequences of Four Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Isolated from Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) Rhizosphere in Morocco.
Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco.; Biotechnology Laboratory, Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco.
We report the draft genome sequences of plant growth-promoting Rahnella perminowiae strain S11P1, Variovorax sp. strain S12S4, and Pseudomonas sp. strains S11A4 and S11P7, which were isolated from saffron (Crocus sativus L.) rhizosphere. Several genes were predicted to be involved in auxin production, phosphate solubilization, and other specialized functions in plant growth and defense.
PMID: 36633434