Trends Plant Sci , IF:18.313 , 2022 Jan doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.12.011
Tripartite hormonal regulation of plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase activity.
College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan, Fuzhou 350002, China. Electronic address: ruimiao@fafu.edu.cn.; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.; Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, ES-46022, Valencia, Spain. Electronic address: prodriguez@ibmcp.upv.es.
The enzyme activity of the plasma membrane (PM) proton pump, well known as arabidopsis PM H(+)-ATPase (AHA) in the model plant arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), is controlled by phosphorylation. Three different classes of phytohormones, brassinosteroids (BRs), abscisic acid (ABA), and auxin regulate plant growth and responses to environmental stimuli, at least in part by modulating the activity of the pump through phosphorylation of the penultimate Thr residue in its carboxyl terminus. Here, we review the current knowledge regarding this tripartite hormonal AHA regulation and highlight mechanisms of activation and deactivation, as well as the significance of hormonal crosstalk. Understanding the complexity of PM H(+)-ATPase regulation in plants might provide new strategies for sustainable agriculture.
PMID: 35034860
Sci Adv , IF:14.136 , 2022 Jan , V8 (2) : Peabj1570 doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abj1570
Biphasic control of cell expansion by auxin coordinates etiolated seedling development.
Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.; State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.; Department of Horticultural Science and Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
[Figure: see text].
PMID: 35020423
Mol Plant , IF:13.164 , 2022 Jan doi: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.01.004
Wheat breeding history reveals synergistic selection of pleiotropic genomic sites for plant architecture and grain yield.
National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China. Electronic address: liaili@caas.cn.; National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.; The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.; Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing 100083, China.; Collaborative Innovation Center of Crop Stress Biology & Institute of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.; Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.; The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China. Electronic address: xdfu@genetics.ac.cn.; National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China. Electronic address: zhangxueyong@caas.cn.; National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China. Electronic address: malong@caas.cn.
Diversity surveys of crop germplasm are important for gaining the insight into the genomic basis for plant architecture and grain yield improvement, which is still poorly understood in wheat. Here, we exome sequenced 287 wheat accessions that were collected in the past 100 years. Population genetics analysis identified 6.7% of the wheat genome that fell in selection sweeps between landraces and cultivars with genes known for yield improvement. These sweeps were asymmetrically distributed on the A- and B-sub-genomes with regulatory genes being favorably selected. Genome wide association study (GWAS) identified genomic loci associated with traits for yield potential and two underlying genes were located, an auxin response factor TaARF12 and a G-protein gamma-subunit gene TaDEP1, that were characterized to pleiotropically regulate both plant height and grain weight. Elite single nucleotide haplotypes with increased allele frequency in cultivars relative to the landraces were identified and found to be accumulated over breeding courses, with TaARF12 and TaDEP1 working in epistasis with the classical plant height Rht-1 locus, leading to a green revolution-based working model for the historical wheat breeding. Thus, our study provided clues for selection signatures to fine tune the gibberellin pathway for modern wheat breeding efforts as well as a wealth of genomic diversity resources for the wheat research community.
PMID: 35026438
Mol Plant , IF:13.164 , 2022 Jan , V15 (1) : P125-137 doi: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.12.002
Molecular basis underlying rice tiller angle: Current progress and future perspectives.
State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.; Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China; Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China. Electronic address: yhwang@genetics.ac.cn.
Crop plant architecture is an important agronomic trait that contributes greatly to crop yield. Tiller angle is one of the most critical components that determine crop plant architecture, which in turn substantially affects grain yield mainly owing to its large influence on plant density. Gravity is a fundamental physical force that acts on all organisms on earth. Plant organs sense gravity to control their growth orientation, including tiller angle in rice (Oryza sativa). This review summarizes recent research advances made using rice tiller angle as a research model, providing insights into domestication of rice tiller angle, genetic regulation of rice tiller angle, and shoot gravitropism. Finally, we propose that current discoveries in rice can shed light on shoot gravitropism and improvement of plant tiller/branch angle in other species, thereby contributing to agricultural production in the future.
PMID: 34896639
Dev Cell , IF:12.27 , 2022 Jan doi: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.12.019
Dynamic chromatin state profiling reveals regulatory roles of auxin and cytokinin in shoot regeneration.
National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (NKLPMG), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.; National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (NKLPMG), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.; National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (NKLPMG), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.; National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (NKLPMG), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China. Electronic address: jwwang@sippe.ac.cn.
Shoot regeneration is mediated by the sequential action of two phytohormones, auxin and cytokinin. However, the chromatin regulatory landscapes underlying this dynamic response have not yet been studied. In this study, we jointly profiled chromatin accessibility, histone modifications, and transcriptomes to demonstrate that a high auxin/cytokinin ratio environment primes Arabidopsis shoot regeneration by increasing the accessibility of the gene loci associated with pluripotency and shoot fate determination. Cytokinin signaling not only triggers the commitment of the shoot progenitor at later stages but also allows chromatin to maintain shoot identity genes at the priming stage. Our analysis of transcriptional regulatory dynamics further identifies a catalog of regeneration cis-elements dedicated to cell fate transitions and uncovers important roles of BES1, MYC, IDD, and PIF transcription factors in shoot regeneration. Our results, thus, provide a comprehensive resource for studying cell reprogramming in plants and provide potential targets for improving future shoot regeneration efficiency.
PMID: 35063083
Dev Cell , IF:12.27 , 2022 Jan , V57 (2) : P246-259.e4 doi: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.12.014
RNA N(6)-methyladenosine modification promotes auxin biosynthesis required for male meiosis in rice.
Department of Biological Sciences and Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore; College of Horticulture and Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.; Department of Biological Sciences and Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.; College of Horticulture and Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.; Department of Biological Sciences and Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore. Electronic address: lisha@tll.org.sg.; Department of Biological Sciences and Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore. Electronic address: dbsyuhao@nus.edu.sg.
N(6)-methyladenosine (m(6)A) RNA modification confers an essential layer of gene regulation in living organisms, including plants; yet, the underlying mechanisms of its deposition on specific target mRNAs involved in key plant developmental processes are so far unknown. Here, we show that a core component of the rice m(6)A methyltransferase complex, OsFIP37, is recruited by an RNA-binding protein, OsFIP37-associated protein 1 (OsFAP1), to mediate m(6)A RNA modification on an auxin biosynthesis gene, OsYUCCA3, during microsporogenesis. This stabilizes OsYUCCA3 mRNA and promotes local auxin biosynthesis in anthers during male meiosis, which is essential for meiotic division and subsequent pollen development in rice. Loss of function of OsFAP1 causes dissociation of OsFIP37 with OsYUCCA3 and the resulting abolished m(6)A deposition on OsYUCCA3. Our findings reveal that OsFAP1-dependent m(6)A deposition on OsYUCCA3 by OsFIP37 constitutes a hitherto unknown link between RNA modification and hormonal control of male meiosis in plant reproductive development.
PMID: 35026163
Plant Cell , IF:11.277 , 2022 Jan , V34 (1) : P228-246 doi: 10.1093/plcell/koab218
The bryophytes Physcomitrium patens and Marchantia polymorpha as model systems for studying evolutionary cell and developmental biology in plants.
Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan.; Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
Bryophytes are nonvascular spore-forming plants. Unlike in flowering plants, the gametophyte (haploid) generation of bryophytes dominates the sporophyte (diploid) generation. A comparison of bryophytes with flowering plants allows us to answer some fundamental questions raised in evolutionary cell and developmental biology. The moss Physcomitrium patens was the first bryophyte with a sequenced genome. Many cell and developmental studies have been conducted in this species using gene targeting by homologous recombination. The liverwort Marchantia polymorpha has recently emerged as an excellent model system with low genomic redundancy in most of its regulatory pathways. With the development of molecular genetic tools such as efficient genome editing, both P. patens and M. polymorpha have provided many valuable insights. Here, we review these advances with a special focus on polarity formation at the cell and tissue levels. We examine current knowledge regarding the cellular mechanisms of polarized cell elongation and cell division, including symmetric and asymmetric cell division. We also examine the role of polar auxin transport in mosses and liverworts. Finally, we discuss the future of evolutionary cell and developmental biological studies in plants.
PMID: 34459922
Curr Biol , IF:10.834 , 2022 Jan , V32 (1) : P228-236.e3 doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.10.044
KAI2 promotes Arabidopsis root hair elongation at low external phosphate by controlling local accumulation of AUX1 and PIN2.
Plant Genetics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Emil Ramann Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany.; School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.; Plant Genetics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Emil Ramann Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany. Electronic address: caroline.gutjahr@tum.de.
Root hair (RH) growth to increase the absorptive root surface area is a key adaptation of plants to limiting phosphate availability in soils. Despite the importance of this trait, especially for seedling survival, little is known about the molecular events connecting phosphate starvation sensing and RH growth regulation. KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE2 (KAI2), an alpha/beta-hydrolase receptor of a yet-unknown plant hormone ("KAI2-ligand" [KL]), is required for RH elongation.(1) KAI2 interacts with the F-box protein MORE AXILLIARY BRANCHING2 (MAX2) to target regulatory proteins of the SUPPRESSOR of MAX2 1 (SMAX1) family for degradation.(2) Here, we demonstrate that Pi starvation increases KL signaling in Arabidopsis roots through transcriptional activation of KAI2 and MAX2. Both genes are required for RH elongation under these conditions, while smax1 smxl2 mutants have constitutively long RHs, even at high Pi availability. Attenuated RH elongation in kai2 mutants is explained by reduced shootward auxin transport from the root tip resulting in reduced auxin signaling in the RH zone, caused by an inability to increase localized accumulation of the auxin importer AUXIN TRANSPORTER PROTEIN1 (AUX1) and the auxin exporter PIN-FORMED2 (PIN2) upon Pi starvation. Consistent with AUX1 and PIN2 accumulation being mediated via ethylene signaling,(3) expression of 1-AMINOCYCLOPROPANE-1-CARBOXYLATE SYNTHASE 7 (ACS7) is increased at low Pi in a KAI2-dependent manner, and treatment with an ethylene precursor restores RH elongation of acs7, but not of aux1 and pin2. Thus, KAI2 signaling is increased by phosphate starvation to trigger an ethylene- AUX1/PIN2-auxin cascade required for RH elongation.
PMID: 34758285
New Phytol , IF:10.151 , 2022 Jan doi: 10.1111/nph.17969
CLAVATA modulates auxin homeostasis and transport to regulate stem cell identity and plant shape in a moss.
School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK.; Division of Psychological Medicine & Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.; Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science of Palacky University and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Slechtitelu 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic.; Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
The CLAVATA pathway is a key regulator of stem cell function in the multicellular shoot tips of Arabidopsis, where it acts via the WUSCHEL transcription factor to modulate hormone homeostasis. Broad scale evolutionary comparisons have shown that CLAVATA is a conserved regulator of land plant stem cell function, but CLAVATA acts independently of WUSCHEL-like (WOX) proteins in bryophytes. The relationship between CLAVATA, hormone homeostasis and the evolution of land plant stem cell functions is unknown. Here we show that in the moss, Physcomitrella (Physcomitrium patens), CLAVATA affects stem cell activity by modulating hormone homeostasis. CLAVATA pathway genes are expressed in the tip cells of filamentous tissues, regulating cell identity, filament branching, plant spread and auxin synthesis. The receptor-like kinase PpRPK2 plays the major role, and Pprpk2 mutants have abnormal responses to cytokinin, auxin, and auxin transport inhibition, and show reduced expression of PIN auxin transporters. We propose a model whereby PpRPK2 modulates auxin gradients in filaments to determine stem cell identity and overall plant form. Our data indicate that CLAVATA-mediated auxin homeostasis is a fundamental property of plant stem cell function, likely exhibited by the last shared common ancestor of land plants.
PMID: 35032334
New Phytol , IF:10.151 , 2022 Jan doi: 10.1111/nph.17955
DEVELOPMENTAL REGULATION OF LEAF VENATION PATTERNS: monocot vs eudicots and the role of auxin.
Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, OX1 3RB, Oxford.
Organization and patterning of the vascular network in land plants varies in different taxonomic, developmental and environmental contexts. In leaves, the degree of vascular strand connectivity influences both light and CO2 harvesting capabilities as well as hydraulic capacity. As such, developmental mechanisms that regulate leaf venation patterning have a direct impact on physiological performance. Development of the leaf venation network requires the specification of procambial cells within the ground meristem of the primordium and subsequent proliferation and differentiation of the procambial lineage to form vascular strands. An understanding of how diverse venation patterns are manifest thus requires mechanistic insight into how procambium is dynamically specified in a growing leaf. A role for auxin in this process was identified many years ago, but questions remain. In this review we first provide an overview of the diverse venation patterns that exist in land plants, providing an evolutionary perspective. We then focus on the developmental regulation of leaf venation patterns in angiosperms, comparing patterning in eudicots and monocots, and the role of auxin in each case. Although common themes emerge, we conclude that the developmental mechanisms elucidated in eudicots are unlikely to fully explain how parallel venation patterns in monocot leaves are elaborated.
PMID: 35020214
New Phytol , IF:10.151 , 2022 Jan doi: 10.1111/nph.17946
How is auxin linked with cellular energy pathways to promote growth?
ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.; School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
Auxin is the 'growth hormone' and modulation of its concentration correlates with changes in photosynthesis and respiration, influencing the cellular energy budget for biosynthesis and proliferation. However, the relative importance of mechanisms by which auxin directly influences photosynthesis and respiration, or vice versa, are unclear. Here we bring together recent evidence linking auxin with photosynthesis, plastid biogenesis, mitochondrial metabolism and retrograde signalling and through it we propose three hypotheses to test to unify current findings. These require delving into the control of auxin conjugation to primary metabolic intermediates, translational control under auxin regulation and post-translational influences of auxin on primary metabolic processes.
PMID: 34984715
Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol , IF:10.005 , 2022 Jan , V14 (1) doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040071
The Systems and Synthetic Biology of Auxin.
Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.; Department of Biology, Whitman College, Walla Walla, Washington 99362, USA.; Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
Auxin biology as a field has been at the forefront of advances in delineating the structures, dynamics, and control of plant growth networks. Advances have been enabled by combining the complementary fields of top-down, holistic systems biology and bottom-up, build-to-understand synthetic biology. Continued collaboration between these approaches will facilitate our understanding of and ability to engineer auxin's control of plant growth, development, and physiology. There is a need for the application of similar complementary approaches to improving equity and justice through analysis and redesign of the human systems in which this research is undertaken.
PMID: 34127446
Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol , IF:10.005 , 2022 Jan , V14 (1) doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a039883
Structural Aspects of Auxin Signaling.
Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.; Center for Science and Engineering Living Systems (CSELS), Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA.; Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA.
Auxin signaling regulates growth and developmental processes in plants. The core of nuclear auxin signaling relies on just three components: TIR1/AFBs, Aux/IAAs, and ARFs. Each component is itself made up of several domains, all of which contribute to the regulation of auxin signaling. Studies of the structural aspects of these three core signaling components have deepened our understanding of auxin signaling dynamics and regulation. In addition to the structured domains of these components, intrinsically disordered regions within the proteins also impact auxin signaling outcomes. New research is beginning to uncover the role intrinsic disorder plays in auxin-regulated degradation and subcellular localization. Structured and intrinsically disordered domains affect auxin perception, protein degradation dynamics, and DNA binding. Taken together, subtle differences within the domains and motifs of each class of auxin signaling component affect signaling outcomes and specificity.
PMID: 34001533
Metab Eng , IF:9.783 , 2022 Jan doi: 10.1016/j.ymben.2022.01.004
A manipulation of carotenoid metabolism influence biomass partitioning and fitness in tomato.
Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.; Max Planck Institut fur Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Muhlenberg1 D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.; Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacky University and Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Slechtitelu 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic.; Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia; Max Planck Institut fur Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Muhlenberg1 D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.; Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS UMR7265, BIAM, CEA/Cadarache, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.; Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP) UPV-CSIC, 46022, Valencia, Spain.; Max Planck Institut fur Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Muhlenberg1 D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.; Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia; Max Planck Institut fur Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Muhlenberg1 D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany. Electronic address: juancamilo.morenobeltran@KAUST.edu.sa.
Improving yield, nutritional value and tolerance to abiotic stress are major targets of current breeding and biotechnological approaches that aim at increasing crop production and ensuring food security. Metabolic engineering of carotenoids, the precursor of vitamin-A and plant hormones that regulate plant growth and response to adverse growth conditions, has been mainly focusing on provitamin A biofortification or the production of high-value carotenoids. Here, we show that the introduction of a single gene of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in different tomato cultivars induced profound metabolic alterations in carotenoid, apocarotenoid and phytohormones pathways. Alterations in isoprenoid- (abscisic acid, gibberellins, cytokinins) and non-isoprenoid (auxin and jasmonic acid) derived hormones together with enhanced xanthophyll content influenced biomass partitioning and abiotic stress tolerance (high light, salt, and drought), and it caused an up to 77% fruit yield increase and enhanced fruit's provitamin A content. In addition, metabolic and hormonal changes led to accumulation of key primary metabolites (e.g. osmoprotectants and antiaging agents) contributing with enhanced abiotic stress tolerance and fruit shelf life. Our findings pave the way for developing a new generation of crops that combine high productivity and increased nutritional value with the capability to cope with climate change-related environmental challenges.
PMID: 35031492
Plant Physiol , IF:8.34 , 2022 Jan doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiac015
The Histone Deacetylase 1/ GSK3/SHAGGY-Like Kinase 2/ BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT 1 Module Controls Lateral Root Formation in Rice.
State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430070, China.
Lateral roots (LRs) are a main component of the root system of rice (Oryza sativa) that increases root surface area, enabling efficient absorption water and nutrients. However, the molecular mechanism regulating LR formation in rice remains largely unknown. Here, we report that Histone Deacetylase 1 (OsHDAC1) positively regulates LR formation in rice. Rice OsHDAC1 RNAi plants produced fewer lateral roots than wild-type plants, whereas plants overexpressing OsHDAC1 exhibited increased lateral root proliferation by promoting LR primordia formation. Brassinosteroid treatment increased the LR number, as did mutation of GSK3/SHAGGY-like kinase 2 (OsGSK2), whereas overexpression of OsGSK2 decreased the LR number. Importantly, OsHDAC1 could directly interact with and deacetylate OsGSK2, inhibiting its activity. OsGSK2 deacetylation attenuated the interaction between OsGSK2 and BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT 1 (OsBZR1), leading to accumulation of OsBZR1. Overexpression of OsBZR1 increased LR formation by regulating Auxin/IAA signaling genes. Taken together, the results indicate that OsHDAC1 regulates LR formation in rice by deactivating OsGSK2, thereby preventing degradation of OsBZR1, a positive regulator of LR primordia formation. Our findings suggest that OsHDAC1 is a breeding target in rice that can improve resource capture.
PMID: 35078247
Plant Physiol , IF:8.34 , 2022 Jan , V188 (1) : P56-69 doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiab503
Dual expression and anatomy lines allow simultaneous visualization of gene expression and anatomy.
School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.; Division of Biology and Biological Engineering 156-29, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.
Studying the developmental genetics of plant organs requires following gene expression in specific tissues. To facilitate this, we have developed dual expression anatomy lines, which incorporate a red plasma membrane marker alongside a fluorescent reporter for a gene of interest in the same vector. Here, we adapted the GreenGate cloning vectors to create two destination vectors showing strong marking of cell membranes in either the whole root or specifically in the lateral roots. This system can also be used in both embryos and whole seedlings. As proof of concept, we follow both gene expression and anatomy in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) during lateral root organogenesis for a period of over 24 h. Coupled with the development of a flow cell and perfusion system, we follow changes in activity of the DII auxin sensor following application of auxin.
PMID: 34718789
Plant Physiol , IF:8.34 , 2022 Jan , V188 (1) : P332-346 doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiab486
Origin and adaptive evolution of UV RESISTANCE LOCUS 8-mediated signaling during plant terrestrialization.
College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.; National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (NKLPMG), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
UV RESISTANCE LOCUS 8 (UVR8) mediates photomorphogenic responses and acclimation to UV-B radiation by regulating the transcription of a series of transcription factors (TFs). However, the origin and evolution of UVR8-mediated signaling pathways remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the origin and evolution of the major components of the UVR8-mediated signaling pathway (UVR8, REPRESSOR OF UV-B PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS [RUP], BRI1-EMS-SUPPRESSOR1 [BES1], BES1-INTERACTING MYC-LIKE 1 (BIM1), WRKY DNA-BINDING PROTEIN 36 (WRKY36), MYB DOMAIN PROTEIN 73/77/13 [MYB73/MYB77/MYB13], and PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4/5 [PIF4 and PIF5]) using comparative genomics and phylogenetic approaches. We showed that the central regulator UVR8 presented a conservative evolutionary route during plant evolution, and the evolutionary history of downstream negative regulators and TFs was different from that of green plant phylogeny. The canonical UVR8-CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1(COP1)/SUPPRESSOR OF PHYA-105 (SPA)-ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5)-RUP signaling pathway originated in chlorophytes and conferred green algae the additional ability to cope with UV-B radiation. Moreover, the emergence of multiple UVR8-mediated signaling pathways in charophytes laid the foundations for the cross-talk between UV-B signals and endogenous hormone responses. Importantly, we observed signatures that reflect plant adaptations to high UV-B irradiance in subaerial/terrestrial environments, including positive selection in UVR8 and RUPs and increased copy number of some vital TFs. These results revealed that green plants not only experienced adaptive modifications in the canonical UVR8-COP1/SPA-HY5-RUP signaling pathway, but also diversified their UV-B signal transduction mechanisms through increasing cross-talk with other pathways, such as those associated with brassinosteroids and auxin. This study greatly expands our understanding of molecular evolution and adaptive mechanisms underlying plant UV-B acclimation.
PMID: 34662425
Plant Physiol , IF:8.34 , 2022 Jan , V188 (1) : P347-362 doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiab452
TRANS-ACTING SIRNA3-derived short interfering RNAs confer cleavage of mRNAs in rice.
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Longhua Bioindustry and Innovation Research Institute, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Guangdong Province, Shenzhen 518060, China.; College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Guangdong Province, Shenzhen 518060, China.; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China.; Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
Plant TRANS-ACTING SIRNA3 (TAS3)-derived short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) include tasiR-AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORs (ARFs), which are functionally conserved in targeting ARF genes, and a set of non-tasiR-ARF siRNAs, which have rarely been studied. In this study, TAS3 siRNAs were systematically characterized in rice (Oryza sativa). Small RNA sequencing results showed that an overwhelming majority of TAS3 siRNAs belong to the non-tasiR-ARF group, while tasiR-ARFs occupy a diminutive fraction. Phylogenetic analysis of TAS3 genes across dicot and monocot plants revealed that the siRNA-generating regions were highly conserved in grass species, especially in the Oryzoideae. Target genes were identified for not only tasiR-ARFs but also non-tasiR-ARF siRNAs by analyzing rice Parallel Analysis of RNA Ends datasets, and some of these siRNA-target interactions were experimentally confirmed using tas3 mutants generated by genome editing. Consistent with the de-repression of target genes, phenotypic alterations were observed for mutants in three TAS3 loci in comparison to wild-type rice. The regulatory role of ribosomes in the TAS3 siRNA-target interactions was further revealed by the fact that TAS3 siRNA-mediated target cleavage, in particular tasiR-ARFs targeting ARF2/3/14/15, occurred extensively in rice polysome samples. Altogether, our study sheds light into TAS3 genes in plants and expands our knowledge about rice TAS3 siRNA-target interactions.
PMID: 34599593
Plant Cell Environ , IF:7.228 , 2022 Jan doi: 10.1111/pce.14266
Genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying root architecture and function under heat stress - A hidden story.
Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA.
Heat stress events are resulting in a significant negative impact on global food production. The dynamics of cellular, molecular and physiological homeostasis in aboveground parts under heat stress are extensively deciphered. However, root responses to higher soil/air temperature or stress signaling from shoot to root are limited. Therefore, this review presents a holistic view of root physio-morphological and molecular responses to adapt under hotter environments. Heat stress reprograms root cellular machinery, including crosstalk between genes, phytohormones, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and antioxidants. Spatio-temporal regulation and long-distance transport of phytohormones such as auxin, cytokinin, and abscisic acid (ABA) determines the root growth and development under heat stress. ABA cardinally integrates a signaling pathway involving heat shock factors, heat shock proteins, and ROS to govern heat stress responses. Additionally, epigenetic modifications by transposable elements, DNA methylation, and acetylation also regulate root growth under heat stress. Exogenous application of chemical compounds or biological agents such as ascorbic acid, metal ion chelators, fungi, and bacteria can alleviate heat stress induced reduction in root biomass. Future research should focus on the systemic effect of heat stress from shoot to root with more detailed investigations to decipher the molecular cues underlying the architectural changes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
PMID: 35043409
Microsyst Nanoeng , IF:7.127 , 2022 , V8 : P11 doi: 10.1038/s41378-021-00331-5
A magnetically enabled simulation of microgravity represses the auxin response during early seed germination on a microfluidic platform.
Laboratory of Biomedical Microsystems and Nano Devices, Center for Bionic Sensing and Intelligence, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055 China.grid.9227.e0000000119573309; Center for Medical AI, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055 China.grid.9227.e0000000119573309
For plants on Earth, the phytohormone auxin is essential for gravitropism-regulated seedling establishment and plant growth. However, little is known about auxin responses under microgravity conditions due to the lack of a tool that can provide an alteration of gravity. In this paper, a microfluidic negative magnetophoretic platform is developed to levitate Arabidopsis seeds in an equilibrium plane where the applied magnetic force compensates for gravitational acceleration. With the benefit of the microfluidic platform to simulate a microgravity environment on-chip, it is found that the auxin response is significantly repressed in levitated seeds. Simulated microgravity statistically interrupts auxin responses in embryos, even after chemical-mediated auxin alterations, illustrating that auxin is a critical factor that mediates the plant response to gravity alteration. Furthermore, pretreatment with an auxin transportation inhibitor (N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid) enables a decrease in the auxin response, which is no longer affected by simulated microgravity, demonstrating that polar auxin transportation plays a vital role in gravity-regulated auxin responses. The presented microfluidic platform provides simulated microgravity conditions in an easy-to-implement manner, helping to study and elucidate how plants correspond to diverse gravity conditions; in the future, this may be developed into a versatile tool for biological study on a variety of samples.
PMID: 35087683
J Integr Plant Biol , IF:7.061 , 2022 Jan doi: 10.1111/jipb.13225
Auxin signaling: Research advances over the past 30 years.
The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.; Institute of Science and Technology (IST), Klosterneuburg, 3400, Austria.
Auxin, one of the first identified and most widely studied phytohormones, has been and will remain a hot topic in plant biology. After more than a century of passionate exploration, the mysteries of its synthesis, transport, signaling, and metabolism have largely been unlocked. Due to the rapid development of new technologies, new methods, and new genetic materials, the study of auxin has entered the fast lane over the past 30 years. Here, we highlight advances in understanding auxin signaling, including auxin perception, rapid auxin responses, TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE 1 and AUXIN SIGNALING F-boxes (TIR1/AFBs)-mediated transcriptional and non-transcriptional branches, and the epigenetic regulation of auxin signaling. We also focus on feedback inhibition mechanisms that prevent the over-amplification of auxin signals. In addition, we cover the TRANSMEMBRANE KINASEs (TMKs)-mediated non-canonical signaling, which converges with TIR1/AFBs-mediated transcriptional regulation to coordinate plant growth and development. The identification of additional auxin signaling components and their regulation will continue to open new avenues of research in this field, leading to an increasingly deeper, more comprehensive understanding of how auxin signals are interpreted at the cellular level to regulate plant growth and development. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
PMID: 35018726
J Integr Plant Biol , IF:7.061 , 2022 Jan doi: 10.1111/jipb.13218
Regulation of cytokinin biosynthesis using PtRD26pro -IPT module improves drought tolerance through PtARR10-PtYUC4/5-mediated reactive oxygen species removal in Populus.
National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.; Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.
Drought is a critical environmental factor that constrains plant survival and growth. Genetic engineering provides a credible strategy to improve the drought resistance of plants. Here, we generated transgenic poplar lines expressing the isopentenyl transferase gene (IPT) under the driver of PtRD26 promoter (PtRD26pro -IPT). PtRD26 is a senescence and drought inducible NAC transcription factor. PtRD26pro -IPT plants displayed multiple phenotypes, including improved growth and drought tolerance. Transcriptome analysis revealed that auxin biosynthesis pathway was activated in the PtRD26pro -IPT plants, leading to an increase in auxin contents. Biochemical analysis revealed that ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATOR10 (PtARR10), one of the type-B ARR transcription factor in cytokinin pathway, was induced in PtRD26pro -IPT plants and directly regulated the transcripts of YUCCA4 (PtYUC4) and YUCCA5 (PtYUC5), two enzymes in auxin biosynthesis pathway. Overexpression of PtYUC4 enhanced drought tolerance, while simultaneous silencing of PtYUC4/5 evidently attenuated the drought tolerance of PtRD26pro -IPT plants. Intriguingly, PtYUC4/5 displayed a conserved thioredoxin reductase activity that is required for drought tolerance by deterring reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Our work reveals the molecular basis of cytokinin and auxin interactions in response to environmental stresses, and shed light on the improvement of drought tolerance without a growth penalty in tree by molecular breeding. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
PMID: 34990062
J Exp Bot , IF:6.992 , 2022 Jan doi: 10.1093/jxb/erac019
Auxin analog-induced Ca 2+ signaling is not involved in inhibition of endosomal aggregation in Arabidopsis roots.
Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.; Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.; Centre for Organismal Studies, Plant Developmental Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.; Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, ON M5S 3B2,Toronto, Canada.; Ghent University, Department of Plants and Crops, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.; Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.; Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 20133 Milano, Italy.; Lab of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea.
Much of what we know about the role of auxin in plant development derives from exogenous manipulations of auxin distribution and signaling, using inhibitors, auxins and auxin analogs. In this context, synthetic auxin analogs, such as 1-Naphtalene Acetic Acid (1-NAA), are often favored over the endogenous auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), in part due to their higher stability. While such auxin analogs have proven to be instrumental to reveal the various faces of auxin, they display in some cases distinct bioactivities compared to IAA. Here, we focused on the effect of auxin analogs on the accumulation of PIN proteins in Brefeldin A-sensitive endosomal aggregations (BFA bodies), and the correlation with the ability to elicit Ca 2+ responses. For a set of commonly used auxin analogs, we evaluated if auxin-analog induced Ca 2+ signaling inhibits PIN accumulation. Not all auxin analogs elicited a Ca 2+ response, and their differential ability to elicit Ca 2+ responses correlated partially with their ability to inhibit BFA-body formation. However, in tir1/afb and cngc14, 1-NAA-induced Ca 2+ signaling was strongly impaired, yet 1-NAA still could inhibit PIN accumulation in BFA bodies. This demonstrates that TIR1/AFB-CNGC14-dependent Ca 2+ signaling does not inhibit BFA body formation in Arabidopsis roots.
PMID: 35085386
J Exp Bot , IF:6.992 , 2022 Jan , V73 (3) : P665-679 doi: 10.1093/jxb/erab455
Laying it on thick: a study in secondary growth.
Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.; The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
The development of secondary vascular tissue enhances the transport capacity and mechanical strength of plant bodies, while contributing a huge proportion of the world's biomass in the form of wood. Cell divisions in the cambium, which constitutes the vascular meristem, provide progenitors from which conductive xylem and phloem are derived. The cambium is a somewhat unusual stem cell population in two respects, making it an interesting subject for developmental research. Firstly, it arises post-germination, and thus represents a model for understanding stem cell initiation beyond embryogenesis. Secondly, xylem and phloem differentiate on opposing sides of cambial stem cells, making them bifacial in nature. Recent discoveries in Arabidopsis thaliana have provided insight into the molecular mechanisms that regulate the initiation, patterning, and maintenance of the cambium. In this review, the roles of intercellular signalling via mobile transcription factors, peptide-receptor modules, and phytohormones are described. Crosstalk between these regulatory pathways is becoming increasingly apparent, yet the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Future study of the interaction between multiple independently identified regulators, as well as the functions of their orthologues in trees, will deepen our understanding of radial growth in plants.
PMID: 34655214
J Exp Bot , IF:6.992 , 2022 Jan , V73 (1) : P139-153 doi: 10.1093/jxb/erab406
Plasticity of root anatomy during domestication of a maize-teosinte derived population.
College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of MOE, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.; College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.; Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, China.; Cereal Crops Research Institute, Pirsabak Nowshera, Pakistan.
Maize (Zea mays L.) has undergone profound changes in root anatomy for environmental adaptation during domestication. However, the genetic mechanism of plasticity of maize root anatomy during the domestication process remains unclear. In this study, high-resolution mapping was performed for nine root anatomical traits using a maize-teosinte population (mexicana x Mo17) across three environments. Large genetic variations were detected for different root anatomical traits. The cortex, stele, aerenchyma areas, xylem vessel number, and cortical cell number had large variations across three environments, indicating high plasticity. Sixteen quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified, including seven QTL with QTL x environment interaction (EIQTL) for high plasticity traits and nine QTL without QTL x environment interaction (SQTL). Most of the root loci were consistent with shoot QTL depicting domestication signals. Combining transcriptome and genome-wide association studies revealed that AUXIN EFFLUX CARRIER PIN-FORMED LIKE 4 (ZmPILS4) serves as a candidate gene underlying a major QTL of xylem traits. The near-isogenic lines (NILs) with lower expression of ZmPILS4 had 18-24% more auxin concentration in the root tips and 8-15% more xylem vessels. Nucleotide diversity values analysis in the promoter region suggested that ZmPILS4 was involved in maize domestication and adaptation. These results revealed the potential genetic basis of root anatomical plasticity during domestication.
PMID: 34487165
Int J Biol Macromol , IF:6.953 , 2022 Jan , V195 : P217-228 doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.205
GhAPC8 regulates leaf blade angle by modulating multiple hormones in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.).
Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000 Xinjiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China.; Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000 Xinjiang, China.; CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia.; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.; Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China.; Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000 Xinjiang, China. Electronic address: sunjie@shzu.edu.cn.; Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000 Xinjiang, China. Electronic address: xuefei@shzu.edu.cn.
Leaf angle, including leaf petiole angle (LPA) and leaf blade angle (LBA), is an important trait affecting plant architecture. Anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) genes play a vital role in plant growth and development, including regulation of leaf angle. Here, we identified and characterized the APC genes in Upland cotton (G. hirsutum L.) with a focus on GhAPC8, a homolog of soybean GmILPA1 involved in regulation of LPA. We showed that independently silencing the At or Dt sub-genome homoeolog of GhAPC8 using virus-induced gene silencing reduced plant height and LBA, and that reduction of LBA could be caused by uneven growth of cortex parenchyma cells on the adaxial and abaxial sides of the junction between leaf blade and leaf petiole. The junction between leaf blade and leaf petiole of the GhAPC8-silenced plants had an elevated level of brassinosteroid (BR) and a decreased levels of auxin and gibberellin. Consistently, comparative transcriptome analysis found that silencing GhAPC8 activated genes of the BR biosynthesis and signaling pathways as well as genes related to ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified gene modules significantly associated with plant height and LBA, and candidate genes bridging GhAPC8, the pathways of BR biosynthesis and signaling and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. These results demonstrated a role of GhAPC8 in regulating LBA, likely achieved by modulating the accumulation and signaling of multiple phytohormones.
PMID: 34896470
Hortic Res , IF:6.793 , 2022 Jan doi: 10.1093/hr/uhab085
Exogenous auxin-induced ENHANCER OF SHOOT REGENERATION 2 (ESR2) enhances femaleness of cucumber via activating CsACS2 gene.
State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.; College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, 450002, Zhengzhou, China.; Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China.; Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.; College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Nonda Road 1, Changsha, 410128, China.
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is a model for the study of sex differentiation in the last two decades. In cucumber, sex differentiation is mainly controlled by genetic material, but plant growth regulators can also influence or even change it. However, the effect of exogenous auxin application on cucumber sex differentiation is mostly limited in physiological level. In this study, we explored the effects of different exogenous auxin concentrations on the varieties with different mutant sex-controlling genotypes and found that there was a dosage effect of exogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) on the enhancement of cucumber femaleness. Several ACC synthetase (ACS) family members could directly respond to the induction of exogenous IAA to improve endogenous ethylene synthesis, and this process can be independent on the previously identified sex-related ACC oxidase CsACO2. We further demonstrated that ENHANCER OF SHOOT REGENERATION 2 (ESR2), responding to the induction of exogenous auxin, could directly activate CsACS2 expression by combining the ERE cis-acting element regions in the promoter, and then increase endogenous ethylene content, which may induce femaleness. These findings reveal that exogenous auxin improves cucumber femaleness via inducing sex-controlling gene and promoting ethylene synthesis.
PMID: 35048108
Hortic Res , IF:6.793 , 2022 Jan doi: 10.1093/hr/uhab078
Interplays between auxin and GA signaling coordinate early fruit development.
FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China.
Phytohormones and their interactions are critical for fruit development and, are key topics in horticulture research. Auxin, together with gibberellic acid (GA), promotes cell division and expansion, thus subsequently regulates fruit development and enlargement after fertilization. Auxin and GA related mutants show parthenocarpy (fruit formation without fertilization of ovule) in many plant species, indicating that these hormones and possibly their interactions play a key role in the regulation of fruit initiation and development. Recent studies have shown clear molecular and genetic evidence that ARF/IAA and DELLA protein interact each other and regulate both auxin and GA signaling pathways in response to auxin and GA during fruit growth in horticultural plants, tomato (the most studied freshy fruit) and strawberry (the model of Rosaceae). These recent findings provide new insights into the mechanisms by which plant hormones auxin and GA regulate fruit development.
PMID: 35043212
Hortic Res , IF:6.793 , 2022 Jan doi: 10.1093/hr/uhab041
Cytokinins is involved in regulation of tomato pericarp thickness and fruit size.
College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.; State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and the College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.; Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.
Although cytokinins (CKs) regulate fruit development, no direct genetic evidence supports the role of endogenous CKs in pericarp growth or development or fruit size. Here, we report that the reduction in endogenous active CKs level via overexpression of a CKs-inactivating enzyme gene AtCKX2 specifically in fruit tissues resulted in reduced pericarp thickness and smaller fruit size, compared to wild-type control fruits. The pericarp thickness and single fruit weight in transgenic plants were significantly reduced. Analysis of paraffin sections showed that the reduced pericarp thickness was due largely to a decreased number of cells, and thus decreased cell division. Transcriptome profiling showed that the expression of cell division- and expansion-related genes was reduced in AtCKX2-overexpressing fruits. In addition, the expression of auxin-signaling and gibberellin-biosynthetic genes was repressed, whereas that of gibberellin-inactivating genes was enhanced, in AtCKX2-overexpressing fruits. These results demonstrate that endogenous CKs regulate pericarp cell division and, subsequently, fruit size. They also suggest that CKs interact with auxin and gibberellins in regulating tomato pericarp thickness and fruit size.
PMID: 35043193
Hortic Res , IF:6.793 , 2022 Jan doi: 10.1093/hr/uhab016
Aluminum can activate grapevine defense through actin remodeling.
College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.; Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.; Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.; Institute for Food and Agricultural Technology (INTEA), University of Girona, Campus Montilivi (EPS-1), 17003 Girona, Spain.
In the current study, we used a grapevine cell line in which actin filaments are labeled by GFP to show that aluminum causes actin remodeling through activation of NADPH oxidase in the plasma membrane, followed by activation of phytoalexin synthesis genes. Elimination of actin filaments by latrunculin B disrupts gene activation and inhibition of MAPK signaling by the inhibitor PD98059. Interestingly, aluminum also induces the transcription of ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE, a key enzyme for the synthesis of salicylic acid, as well as PR1, a gene that is known to be responsive to salicylic acid. However, while salicylic acid responses are usually a hallmark of the hypersensitive response, aluminum-triggered defense is not accompanied by cell death. Both actin remodeling and gene activation in response to aluminum can be suppressed by the natural auxin indole acetic acid, suggesting that the actin response is not caused by nonspecific signaling. Further evidence for the specificity of the aluminum-triggered activation of phytoalexin synthesis genes comes from experiments in which plant peptide elicitors induce significant cellular mortality but do not evoke induction of these transcription. The response in grapevine cells can be recapitulated in grapevine leaf discs from two genotypes contrasting in stilbene inducibility. Here, aluminum can induce accumulation of the central grapevine phytoalexin, the stilbene aglycone trans-resveratrol; this is preceded by a rapid induction of transcription for RESVERATROL SYNTHASE and the regulating transcription factor MYB14. The amplitude of this induction reflects the general stilbene inducibility of these genotypes, indicating that the aluminum effect is not caused by nonspecific toxicity but by activation of specific signaling pathways. The findings are discussed in relation to a model in which actin filaments activate a specific branch of defense signaling, acting in concert with calcium-dependent PAMP-triggered immunity. This pathway links the apoplastic oxidative burst through MAPK signaling with the activation of defense-related transcription.
PMID: 35039862
Hortic Res , IF:6.793 , 2022 Jan doi: 10.1093/hr/uhab014
Significant improvement of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) transgenic plant production by pre-transformation with a Baby boom transcription factor.
The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.; Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China.
BABY BOOM (BBM) is a member of the APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (AP2/ERF) family and its expression has been shown to improve herbaceous plant transformation and regeneration. However, this improvement has not been shown clearly for tree species. This study demonstrated that the efficiency of transgenic apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) plant production was dramatically increased by ectopic expression of the MdBBM1 gene. "Royal Gala" apple plants were first transformed with a CaMV35S-MdBBM1 construct (MBM) under kanamycin selection. These MBM transgenic plants exhibited enhanced shoot regeneration from leaf explants on tissue culture media, with most plants displaying a close-to-normal phenotype compared with CaMV35S-GUS transgenic plants when grown under greenhouse conditions, the exception being that some plants had slightly curly leaves. Thin leaf sections revealed the MBM plants produced more cells than the GUS plants, indicating that ectopic-expression of MdBBM1 enhanced cell division. Transcriptome analysis showed that mRNA levels for cell division activators and repressors linked to hormone (auxin, cytokinin and brassinosteroid) signalling pathways were enhanced and reduced, respectively, in the MBM plants compared with the GUS plants. Plants of eight independent MBM lines were compared with the GUS plants by re-transforming them with an herbicide-resistant gene construct. The number of transgenic plants produced per 100 leaf explants was 0-3% for the GUS plants, 3-8% for five MBM lines, and 20-30% for three MBM lines. Our results provided a solution for overcoming the barriers to transgenic plant production in apple, and possibly in other trees.
PMID: 35039859
Hortic Res , IF:6.793 , 2022 Jan , V9 doi: 10.1093/hr/uhab047
Transcriptomic and physiological analysis identifies a gene network module highly associated with brassinosteroid regulation in hybrid sweetgum tissues differing in the capability of somatic embryogenesis.
National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.; Centre for Forest Biology, Department of Biology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5, Canada.
Somatic embryogenesis is a preferred method for large-scale production of forest trees due to its high propagation efficiency. In this study, hybrid sweetgum leaves with phase changes from mature to embryogenic state were selected as experimental material to study somatic embryo initiation. Embryogenicity ranged from high to low, i.e. from 45%, 25%, and 12.5% to 0, with the samples of embryogenic callus (EC), whiten leaf edge (WLI), whiten leaf (WLII), and green leaf (GL) respectively. High correlations existed between embryogenicity and endogenous brassinosteroids (BRs) (r = 0.95, p < 0.05). Similarly, concentrations of endogenous BRs of the sample set correlated positively (r = 0.93, 0.99, 0.87, 0.99, 0.96 respectively, P < 0.05) to expression of somatic embryo (SE)-related genes, i.e. BBM, LEC2, ABI3, PLT2, and WOX2. Hierarchical cluster and weighted gene coexpression network analysis identified modules of coexpressed genes and network in 4820 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from All-BR-Regulated Genes (ABRG). Moreover, exogenously-supplemented epiBR, together with 2,4-D and 6-BA, increased embryogenicity of GL-sourced callus, and expression of SE- and auxin-related genes, while brassinazole (BRZ), a BR biosynthesis inhibitor, reduced embryogenicity. Evidences obtained in this study revealed that BRs involved in phase change of leaf explants and may function in regulating gene expression and enhancing auxin effects. This study successfully established protocols for inducing somatic embryogenesis from leaf explants in hybrid sweetgum, which could facilitate the propagation process greatly, and provide theoretical basis for manipulating SE competence of explants in ornamental woody plants.
PMID: 35031801
Plant J , IF:6.417 , 2022 Jan doi: 10.1111/tpj.15654
The submergence tolerance regulator SUB1A differentially coordinates molecular adaptation to submergence in mature and growing leaves of rice (Oryza sativa L.).
School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA.; Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji, Fukui, 910-1195, Japan.
A typical adaptive response to submergence regulated by SUB1A, the ethylene-responsive transcription factor gene, is the restricted elongation of the uppermost leaves. However, the molecular and physiological functions of SUB1A have been characterized using entire shoot tissues, most of which are mature leaves that do not elongate under submergence. We aimed to identify leaf type-specific and overlapping adaptations coordinated in SUB1A-dependent and independent manners. To this end, we compared the transcriptomic and hormonal responses to submergence between mature and growing leaves using rice genotypes with and without SUB1A. Monosaccharide, branched-chain amino acid, and nucleoside metabolism, associated with ATP synthesis, were commonly activated in both leaf types regardless of genotype. In both leaf types, pathways involved in carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism were suppressed by SUB1A, with more severe restriction in growing leaves that have a greater energy demand if SUB1A is absent. In growing leaves, accumulation of and responsiveness to growth-regulating hormones were properly modulated by SUB1A, which correlated with restricted elongation. In mature leaves, submergence-induced auxin accumulation was suppressed by SUB1A. This study demonstrates that different sets of hormonal pathways, both of which are modulated by SUB1A, contribute to distinct adaptive responses to submergence in mature and growing rice leaves.
PMID: 34978355
Int J Mol Sci , IF:5.923 , 2022 Jan , V23 (2) doi: 10.3390/ijms23020795
Morphological Characterization and Transcriptome Analysis of New Dwarf and Narrow-Leaf (dnl2) Mutant in Maize.
National Engineer Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.; National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, China.
Lodging is the primary factor limiting high yield under a high plant density. However, an optimal plant height and leaf shape can effectively decrease the lodging risk. Here we studied an ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-induced dwarf and a narrow-leaf mutant, dnl2. Gene mapping indicated that the mutant was controlled by a gene located on chromosome nine. Phenotypic and cytological observations revealed that dnl2 showed inhibited cell growth, altered vascular bundle patterning, and disrupted secondary cell wall structure when compared with the wild-type, which could be the direct cause of the dwarf and narrow-leaf phenotype. The phytohormone levels, especially auxin and gibberellin, were significantly decreased in dnl2 compared to the wild-type plants. Transcriptome profiling of the internodes of the dnl2 mutant and wild-type revealed a large number of differentially expressed genes enriched in the cell wall biosynthesis, remodeling, and hormone biosynthesis and signaling pathways. Therefore, we suggest that crosstalk between hormones (the altered vascular bundle and secondary cell wall structure) may contribute to the dwarf and narrow-leaf phenotype by influencing cell growth. These results provide a foundation for DNL2 gene cloning and further elucidation of the molecular mechanism of the regulation of plant height and leaf shape in maize.
PMID: 35054982
Int J Mol Sci , IF:5.923 , 2022 Jan , V23 (1) doi: 10.3390/ijms23010510
MicroRNAs Are Involved in Regulating Plant Development and Stress Response through Fine-Tuning of TIR1/AFB-Dependent Auxin Signaling.
College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.; State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.; MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
Auxin, primarily indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), is a versatile signal molecule that regulates many aspects of plant growth, development, and stress response. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs), a type of short non-coding RNA, have emerged as master regulators of the auxin response pathways by affecting auxin homeostasis and perception in plants. The combination of these miRNAs and the autoregulation of the auxin signaling pathways, as well as the interaction with other hormones, creates a regulatory network that controls the level of auxin perception and signal transduction to maintain signaling homeostasis. In this review, we will detail the miRNAs involved in auxin signaling to illustrate its in planta complex regulation.
PMID: 35008937
Front Plant Sci , IF:5.753 , 2021 , V12 : P774582 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.774582
The Gene FvTST1 From Strawberry Modulates Endogenous Sugars Enhancing Plant Growth and Fruit Ripening.
College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.; State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.
Sugar is an important carbon source and contributes significantly to the improvement of plant growth and fruit flavor quality. Sugar transport through the tonoplast is important for intracellular homeostasis and metabolic balance in plant cells. There are four tonoplast sugar transporters (FvTST1-4) in strawberry genome. The qRT-PCR results indicated that FvTST1 has a differential expression pattern in different tissues and developmental stages, and exhibited highest expression level in mature fruits. The yeast complementation assay showed that FvTST1 can mediate the uptake of different sugars, such as fructose, glucose, sucrose, and mannose. Subcellular localization analyses revealed that FvTST1 was mainly targeted to the tonoplast. Transient expression of FvTST1 in strawberry fruits enhanced both fruit ripening and sugar accumulation. Furthermore, FvTST1-transformed tomato plants exhibited higher sucrose and auxin content, enhanced seed germination and vegetative growth, higher photosynthetic rate, early flowering, and bore fruit; fructose and glucose levels were higher in transgenic fruits than those in the control. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that the auxin signaling pathway was highly enriched pathway in up-regulated Gene-ontology terms. In transgenic plants, genes encoding transcription factors, such as phytochrome-interacting factors PIF1, -3, and -4, as well as their potential target genes, were also induced. Collectively, the results show that FvTST1 enhances plant growth and fruit ripening by modulating endogenous sugars, and highlight the biological significance of this gene for future breeding purposes.
PMID: 35087549
Genomics , IF:5.736 , 2022 Jan , V114 (2) : P110271 doi: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110271
Transcriptome profiling reveals major structural genes, transcription factors and biosynthetic pathways involved in leaf senescence and nitrogen remobilization in rainfed spring wheat under different nitrogen fertilization rates.
State Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Lanzhou, China; College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; CSIR-Plant Genetic Resources Research Institute (PGRRI), P. O. Box 7, Bunso, Ghana.; State Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Lanzhou, China; College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China. Electronic address: lill@gsau.edu.cn.; State Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Lanzhou, China; College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.; Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Consumer Sciences, University for Development Studies, P. O Box TL 1882, Tamale, Ghana.
The present study was undertaken to profile transcriptional changes in flag leaves between anthesis and end of grain filling stages of rainfed spring wheat cultivar under varying nitrogen (N) application rates: 0 kg/ha (NN), 52.5 kg/ha (LN), and 210 kg/ha (HN). A total of 4485 and 4627 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in LN and HN, respectively. The differential application of N altered several pathways; including plant hormone signal transduction, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-plant, photosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and ATP-binding cassette transporters. Jasmonic acid, abscisic acid, salicylic acid and brassinosteroid related genes promoted leaf senescence in NN or LN, whereas auxin, gibberellin acid and cytokinins genes inhibited leaf senescence in HN. Major transcription factors: auxin/indole-3-acetic acid (AUX/IAA), no apical meristem (NAC) and WRKY expressed higher in either HN or LN than NN. The DEGs, pathways and transcription factors provide valuable insight for manipulation of leaf senescence and N remobilization in wheat.
PMID: 35065192
Biology (Basel) , IF:5.079 , 2022 Jan , V11 (1) doi: 10.3390/biology11010067
Expression Analysis Reveals That Sorghum Disease Resistance Protein SbSGT1 Is Regulated by Auxin.
State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.; College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.; Guizhou Branch of National Wheat Improvement Center, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
SGT1 (suppressor of the skp1 G2 allele) is an important plant disease resistance-related protein, which plays an important role in plant resistance to pathogens and regulates signal transduction during the process of plant disease resistance. In this study, we analyzed the expression profile of SbSGT1 in sorghum under phytohormones treatment. Quantitative real-time PCR results showed that SbSGT1 was most expressed in sorghum leaves, and could respond to plant hormones such as auxin, abscisic acid, salicylic acid, and brassinolide. Subsequently, we determined the optimal soluble prokaryotic expression conditions for SbSGT1 and purified it using a protein purification system in order to evaluate its potential interactions with plant hormones. Microscale thermophoretic analysis showed that SbSGT1 exhibited significant interactions with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), with a Kd value of 1.5934. Furthermore, the transient expression of SbSGT1 in Nicotiana benthamiana indicated that treatment with exogenous auxin could inhibit SbSGT1 expression, both at the transcriptional and translational level, demonstrating that there exists an interaction between SbSGT1 and auxin.
PMID: 35053065
Plant Cell Physiol , IF:4.927 , 2022 Jan doi: 10.1093/pcp/pcac004
Diminished Auxin Signaling Triggers Cellular Reprogramming by Inducing a Regeneration Factor in the Liverwort Marchantia polymorpha.
Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.; Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan.; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.; Functional Genomics Facility, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan.; Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
Regeneration in land plants is accompanied by the establishment of new stem cells, which often involves reactivation of the cell division potential in differentiated cells. The phytohormone auxin plays pivotal roles in this process. In bryophytes, regeneration is enhanced by removal of the apex and repressed by exogenously applied auxin, which has long been proposed as a form of apical dominance. However, the molecular basis behind these observations remains unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha, the level of endogenous auxin is transiently decreased in the cut surface of decapitated explants, and identify by transcriptome analysis a key transcription factor gene, LOW AUXIN RESPONSIVE (MpLAXR), which is induced upon auxin reduction. Loss of MpLAXR function resulted in delayed cell cycle reactivation, and transient expression of MpLAXR was sufficient to overcome the inhibition of regeneration by exogenously applied auxin. Furthermore, ectopic expression of MpLAXR caused cell proliferation in normally quiescent tissues. Together, these data indicate that decapitation causes a reduction of auxin level at the cut surface, where, in response, MpLAXR is up-regulated to trigger cellular reprogramming. MpLAXR is an ortholog of Arabidopsis ENHANCER OF SHOOT REGENERATION 1/DORNROSCHEN, which has dual functions as a shoot regeneration factor and a regulator of axillary meristem initiation, the latter of which requires a low auxin level. Thus, our findings provide insights into stem cell regulation as well as apical dominance establishment in land plants.
PMID: 35001102
Plant Cell Physiol , IF:4.927 , 2022 Jan doi: 10.1093/pcp/pcab179
The Impact of Tobamovirus Infection on Tomato Root Development Involves Induction of AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 10a in Tomato.
Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization - The Volcani Institute, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel.; The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 761001, Israel.; Plant Sciences Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel.
Plant viruses cause systemic diseases that severely impair plant growth and development. While the accumulation of viruses in the root system has long been established, little is known as to how viruses affect root architecture. Here, we examined how the emerging tobamovirus, tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV), alters root development in tomato. We found that ToBRFV and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) both invaded root systems during the first week of infection. ToBRFV infection of tomato plants resulted in a significant decrease in root biomass and elongation, root-to-shoot ratio and a marked suppression of root branching. Mutation in RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 6 (RDR6) increased the susceptibility of tomato plants to ToBRFV, resulting in severe reduction of various root growth parameters including root branching. Viral root symptoms were associated with the accumulation of AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 10a (SlARF10a) transcript, a homolog of Arabidopsis ARF10, a known suppressor of lateral root development. Interestingly, loss-of function mutation in SlARF10a moderated the effect of ToBRFV on root branching. In contrast, downregulation of sly-miR160a, which targets SlARF10a, was associated with constitutive suppression root branching independent of viral infection. In addition, over-expression of a miRNA-insensitive mutant of SlARF10a mimicked the effect of ToBRFV on root development, suggesting a specific role for SlARF10a in ToBRFV-mediated suppression of root branching. Taken together, our results provide new insights into the impact of tobamoviruses on root development and the role of ARF10a in the suppression of root branching in tomato.
PMID: 34977939
Plant Cell Physiol , IF:4.927 , 2022 Jan , V63 (1) : P57-69 doi: 10.1093/pcp/pcab142
Diketopiperazine Modulates Arabidopsis thaliana Root System Architecture by Promoting Interactions of Auxin Receptor TIR1 and IAA7/17 Proteins.
School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry Education, Hainan University, Haikou 571157, China.; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200000, China.; School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210000, China.; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200000, China.
Plants can detect the quorum sensing (QS) signaling molecules of microorganisms, such as amino acids, fat derivatives and diketopiperazines (DKPs), thus allowing the exchange information to promote plant growth and development. Here, we evaluated the effects of 12 synthesized DKPs on Arabidopsis thaliana roots and studied their underlying mechanisms of action. Results showed that, as QS signal molecules, the DKPs promoted lateral root development and root hair formation in A.thaliana to differing degrees. The DKPs enhanced the polar transport of the plant hormone auxin from the shoot to root and triggered the auxin-responsive protein IAA7/17 to decrease the auxin response factor, leading to the accumulation of auxin at the root tip and accelerated root growth. In addition, the DKPs induced the development of lateral roots and root hair in the A. thaliana root system architecture via interference with auxin receptor transporter inhibitor response protein 1 (TIR1). A series of TIR1 sites that potentially interact with DKPs were also predicted using molecular docking analysis. Mutations of these sites inhibited the phosphorylation of TIR1 after DKP treatment, thereby inhibiting lateral root formation, especially TIR1-1 site. This study identified several DKP signal molecules in the QS system that can promote the expression of auxin response factors ARF7/19 via interactions of TIR1 and IAA7/17 proteins, thus promoting plant growth and development.
PMID: 34534338
Environ Geochem Health , IF:4.609 , 2022 Jan doi: 10.1007/s10653-021-01179-4
The role of auxins and auxin-producing bacteria in the tolerance and accumulation of cadmium by plants.
Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicas, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, Avenida Dr. Manuel Nava 6, Zona Universitaria, 78210, San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi, Mexico.; Facultad de Estudios Profesionales Zona Huasteca, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, Romualdo del Campo 501, Fraccionamiento Rafael Curiel, 79060, Ciudad Valles, San Luis Potosi, Mexico.; Secretaria de Investigacion y Posgrado, Centro Nayarita de Innovacion y Transferencia de Tecnologia (CENITT), Universidad Autonoma de Nayarit, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico.; Facultad de Quimica, Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Santiago de Queretaro, Queretaro, Mexico.; Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Campeche, Campeche, Campeche, Mexico.; Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicas, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, Avenida Dr. Manuel Nava 6, Zona Universitaria, 78210, San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi, Mexico. alejandro.hernandez@uaslp.mx.; Facultad de Estudios Profesionales Zona Huasteca, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, Romualdo del Campo 501, Fraccionamiento Rafael Curiel, 79060, Ciudad Valles, San Luis Potosi, Mexico. alejandro.hernandez@uaslp.mx.
Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic heavy metals for plant physiology and development. This review discusses Cd effects on auxin biosynthesis and homeostasis, and the strategies for restoring plant growth based on exogenous auxin application. First, the two well-characterized auxin biosynthesis pathways in plants are described, as well as the effect of exogenous auxin application on plant growth. Then, review describes the impacts of Cd on the content, biosynthesis, conjugation, and oxidation of endogenous auxins, which are related to a decrease in root development, photosynthesis, and biomass production. Finally, compelling evidence of the beneficial effects of auxin-producing rhizobacteria in plants exposed to Cd is showed, focusing on photosynthesis, oxidative stress, and production of antioxidant compounds and osmolytes that counteract Cd toxicity, favoring plant growth and improve phytoremediation efficiency. Expanding our understanding of the positive effects of exogenous auxins application and the interactions between bacteria and plants growing in Cd-polluted environments will allow us to propose phytoremediation strategies for restoring environments contaminated with this metal.
PMID: 35022877
Front Genet , IF:4.599 , 2021 , V12 : P737293 doi: 10.3389/fgene.2021.737293
Genome-Wide Identification and Co-Expression Analysis of ARF and IAA Family Genes in Euscaphis konishii: Potential Regulators of Triterpenoids and Anthocyanin Biosynthesis.
Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture, School of Wetlands, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, China.; College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.; Fujian Colleges and Universities Engineering Research Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Natural Bioresources, Fuzhou, China.
Euscaphis konishii is an evergreen plant that is widely planted as an industrial crop in Southern China. It produces red fruits with abundant secondary metabolites, giving E. konishii high medicinal and ornamental value. Auxin signaling mediated by members of the AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR (ARF) and auxin/indole-3-acetic acid (Aux/IAA) protein families plays important roles during plant growth and development. Aux/IAA and ARF genes have been described in many plants but have not yet been described in E. konishii. In this study, we identified 34 EkIAA and 29 EkARF proteins encoded by the E. konishii genome through database searching using HMMER. We also performed a bioinformatic characterization of EkIAA and EkARF genes, including their phylogenetic relationships, gene structures, chromosomal distribution, and cis-element analysis, as well as conserved motifs in the proteins. Our results suggest that EkIAA and EkARF genes have been relatively conserved over evolutionary history. Furthermore, we conducted expression and co-expression analyses of EkIAA and EkARF genes in leaves, branches, and fruits, which identified a subset of seven EkARF genes as potential regulators of triterpenoids and anthocyanin biosynthesis. RT-qPCR, yeast one-hybrid, and transient expression analyses showed that EkARF5.1 can directly interact with auxin response elements and regulate downstream gene expression. Our results may pave the way to elucidating the function of EkIAA and EkARF gene families in E. konishii, laying a foundation for further research on high-yielding industrial products and E. konishii breeding.
PMID: 35069676
Plant Cell Rep , IF:4.57 , 2022 Jan doi: 10.1007/s00299-021-02828-9
miR390-tasiRNA3-ARF4 pathway is involved in regulating flowering time in woodland strawberry.
Liaoning Key Laboratory of Strawberry Breeding and Cultivation, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.; Analytical and Testing Center, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Strawberry Breeding and Cultivation, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China. lihe@syau.edu.cn.
KEY MESSAGE: miR390-tasiRNA3-ARF4 pathway was identified in woodland strawberry. FvemiR390 was involved in the regulation of flowering time, and miR390-tasiRNA3-ARF4 regulated flowering time through FveAP1/FveFUL in woodland strawberry. miRNA is an important type of regulator, and widely involved in plant growth, development and stress response. As a conserved miRNA family, the function of miR390 has been studied in many species, but poorly understood in woodland strawberry. In this study, we found that the members of miR390 family were highly conservative, and FvemiR390a and FvemiR390b have the same mature sequence. Therefore, we chose FveMIR390a to generate FvemiR390 mature sequence for functional studies. Subsequently, the result of transient gene expression assay proved that FvemiR390 negatively regulates FveARF4 through miR390-tasiRNA3-ARF4 pathway. Using transgenic plants, we discovered that the overexpression of FveMIR390a delayed flowering in woodland strawberry. Further studies revealed that the expressions of FveAP1 and FveFUL were lower in transgenic plants, which indicates miR390-tasiRNA3-ARF4 pathway delays flowering time through the FveAP1/FveFUL in woodland strawberry. Moreover, the expression of FvemiR390 responded to exogenous hormones, which also provides a reference for the application of exogenous hormones in regulating the flowering time of woodland strawberry.
PMID: 34985575
Physiol Plant , IF:4.5 , 2022 Jan : Pe13631 doi: 10.1111/ppl.13631
OsCyp2-P, an auxin-responsive cyclophilin, regulates Ca(2+) calmodulin interaction for an ion-mediated stress response in rice.
School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.; Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar.; Plant Stress Biology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India.; National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India.
OsCYP2-P is an active cyclophilin (having peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase activity, PPIase) isolated from the wild rice Pokkali having a natural capacity to grow and yield seeds in coastal saline regions of India. Transcript abundance analysis in rice seedlings showed the gene is inducible by multiple stresses, including salinity, drought, high temperature, and heavy metals. To dissect the role of OsCYP2-P gene in stress response, we raised overexpression (OE) and knockdown (KD) transgenic rice plants with >2-3 folds higher and ~2-fold lower PPIase activity, respectively. Plants overexpressing this gene had more favourable physiological and biochemical parameters (K(+) /Na(+) ratio, electrolytic leakage, membrane damage, antioxidant enzymes) than wild type, and the reverse was observed in plants that were knocked down for this gene. We propose that OsCYP2-P contributes to stress tolerance via maintenance of ion homeostasis and thus prevents toxic cellular ion buildup and membrane damage. OE plants were found to have a higher harvest index and higher number of filled grains under salinity and drought stress than wild type. OsCYP2-P interacts with calmodulin, indicating it functions via the Ca-CaM pathway. Compared to the WT, the germinating OE seeds exhibited a substantially higher auxin level, and this hormone was below the detection limits in the WT and KD lines. These observations strongly indicate that OsCyp2-P affects the signaling and transport of auxin in rice.
PMID: 35049071
Sci Rep , IF:4.379 , 2022 Jan , V12 (1) : P1323 doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-04617-6
Effects of root restriction on phytohormone levels in different growth stages and grapevine organs.
Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.; Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. lixiangyi@sjtu.edu.cn.; Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. fruit@sjtu.edu.cn.
Phytohormones play important roles in germination, blossom, senescence, abscission of plants by a series of signal transduction and molecular regulation. The purpose of this research was to investigate the influence of root restriction (RR) cultivation on plant endogenous hormone variation tendency at different growth stages in diverse organs or tissues. 'Muscat Hamburg' (Vitis 'Muscat of Alexandria' x Vitis 'Trollinger') grapevine was used as test material. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was used to quantify hormone levels, qRT-PCR was used to quantify the expression of genes related to hormone biosynthesis pathway, and determined parameters of growth and photosynthetic, aiming to investigate the influence of root restriction on the formation and metabolism of phytohormones, as well as the degree of correlation between phytohormones and plant growth and photosynthetic intensity under root restriction. By measuring the photosynthetic rate of leaves at the stages of core-hardening, veraison and maturity, it was found that root restriction could reduce most photosynthetic parameters. The results also revealed that RR treatment increased abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), zeatin riboside (ZR), N6-(delta 2-isopentenyl)-adenine nucleoside (iPR) concentrations, while reduced auxin (IAA), 3-indolepropionic acid (IPA), 3-indolebutyric acid (IBA), gibberellin A3 (GA3), zeatin (ZT), N6-(delta 2-Isopentenyl)-adenine (iP), kinetin (KT), jasmonic acid (JA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) concentrations in most organs and at most developmental stages. RT-qPCR was carried out to further explore the effect of root restriction on genes expression of ABA, SA and IAA biosynthesis pathways at molecular level. Meanwhile, through correlation analysis, we found that different phytohormones contributed differently to physiological indicators, there existed strong correlation of ABA, KT, MeJA, iPR, SA, JA with leaf photosynthesis, GA3, IBA, ZR, IAA, ZT with fruit quality. In addition, we also found that the shoot growth related parameters were closely correlated with JA, IPA and iP. To sum up, our results suggested that RR treatment could significantly increase soluble solid content, regulate the growth and photosynthesis of grapevine, by affecting the biosynthesis of phytohormones. It could further prove that root restriction was a feasible technique to ameliorate the phenomenon of low quality in grape berry in southern China.
PMID: 35079016
Sci Rep , IF:4.379 , 2022 Jan , V12 (1) : P548 doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-04522-y
Anatomical and hormonal factors determining the development of haploid and zygotic embryos of oat (Avena sativa L.).
Department of Biotechnology, The Franciszek Gorski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239, Krakow, Poland. k.dziurka@ifr-pan.edu.pl.; Department of Developmental Biology, The Franciszek Gorski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239, Krakow, Poland.; Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, Building 37, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland.; Department of Biotechnology, The Franciszek Gorski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239, Krakow, Poland.
A critical step in the production of doubled haploids is a conversion of the haploid embryos into plants. Our study aimed to recognize the reasons for the low germination rate of Avena sativa haploid embryos obtained by distant crossing with maize. Oat cultivars of 'Krezus' and 'Akt' were investigated regarding embryo anatomy, the endogenous phytohormone profiles, and antioxidant capacity. The zygotic embryos of oat were used as a reference. It was found that twenty-one days old haploid embryos were smaller and had a less advanced structure than zygotic ones. Morphology and anatomy modifications of haploid embryos were accompanied by extremely low levels of endogenous auxins. Higher levels of cytokinins, as well as tenfold higher cytokinin to auxin ratio in haploid than in zygotic embryos, may suggest an earlier stage of development of these former. Individual gibberellins reached higher values in 'Akt' haploid embryos than in the respective zygotic ones, while the differences in both types of 'Krezus' embryos were not noticed. Additionally to the hormonal regulation of haploid embryogenesis, the poor germination of oat haploid embryos can be a result of the overproduction of reactive oxygen species, and therefore higher levels of low molecular weight antioxidants and stress hormones.
PMID: 35017602
Ann Bot , IF:4.357 , 2022 Jan , V129 (1) : P101-112 doi: 10.1093/aob/mcab131
Flavonoids are involved in phosphorus-deficiency-induced cluster-root formation in white lupin.
Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Academy of National Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.; School of Biological Sciences and UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.; Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota and United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, St. Paul, MN, USA.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Initiation of cluster roots in white lupin (Lupinus albus) under phosphorus (P) deficiency requires auxin signalling, whereas flavonoids inhibit auxin transport. However, little information is available about the interactions between P deficiency and flavonoids in terms of cluster-root formation in white lupin. METHODS: Hydroponic and aeroponic systems were used to investigate the role of flavonoids in cluster-root formation, with or without 75 mum P supply. KEY RESULTS: Phosphorus-deficiency-induced flavonoid accumulation in cluster roots depended on developmental stage, based on in situ determination of fluorescence of flavonoids and flavonoid concentration. LaCHS8, which codes for a chalcone synthase isoform, was highly expressed in cluster roots, and silencing LaCHS8 reduced flavonoid production and rootlet density. Exogenous flavonoids suppressed cluster-root formation. Tissue-specific distribution of flavonoids in roots was altered by P deficiency, suggesting that P deficiency induced flavonoid accumulation, thus fine-tuning the effect of flavonoids on cluster-root formation. Furthermore, naringenin inhibited expression of an auxin-responsive DR5:GUS marker, suggesting an interaction of flavonoids and auxin in regulating cluster-root formation. CONCLUSIONS: Phosphorus deficiency triggered cluster-root formation through the regulation of flavonoid distribution, which fine-tuned an auxin response in the early stages of cluster-root development. These findings provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of cluster-root formation under P deficiency.
PMID: 34668958
Plant Physiol Biochem , IF:4.27 , 2022 Jan , V171 : P191-200 doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.12.039
Spaceflight studies identify a gene encoding an intermediate filament involved in tropism pathways.
Department of Biology, University of North Carolina-Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA.; Department of Biology, University of North Carolina-Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA; School of Biological Sciences, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, 71272, USA.; Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas Margarita Salas - CSIC, E-28040, Madrid, Spain.; Department of Biology, University of North Carolina-Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA. Electronic address: jzkiss@uncg.edu.
We performed a series of experiments to study the interaction between phototropism and gravitropism in Arabidopsis thaliana as part of the Seedling Growth Project on the International Space Station. Red-light-based and blue-light-based phototropism were examined in microgravity and at 1g, a control that was produced by an on-board centrifuge. At the end of the experiments, seedlings were frozen and brought back to Earth for gene profiling studies via RNASeq methods. In this paper, we focus on five genes identified in these space studies by their differential expression in space: one involved in auxin transport and four others encoding genes for: a methyltransferase subunit, a transmembrane protein, a transcription factor for endodermis formation, and a cytoskeletal element (an intermediate filament protein). Time course studies using mutant strains of these five genes were performed for blue-light and red-light phototropism studies as well as for gravitropism assays on ground. Interestingly, all five of the genes had some effects on all the tropisms under the conditions studied. In addition, RT-PCR analyses examined expression of the five genes in wild-type seedlings during blue-light-based phototropism. Previous studies have supported a role of both microfilaments and microtubules in tropism pathways. However, the most interesting finding of the present space studies is that NFL, a gene encoding an intermediate filament protein, plays a role in phototropism and gravitropism, which opens the possibility that this cytoskeletal element modulates signal transduction in plants.
PMID: 35007950
BMC Plant Biol , IF:4.215 , 2022 Jan , V22 (1) : P38 doi: 10.1186/s12870-022-03426-x
Nitrogen application and differences in leaf number retained after topping affect the tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) transcriptome and metabolome.
Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, China National Tobacco Corporation, Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang, 550081, China.; Upland Flue-Cured Tobacco Quality and Ecology Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang, 550081, China.; College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China.; College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China. drlukun@swu.edu.cn.; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China. drlukun@swu.edu.cn.; Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, 400715, China. drlukun@swu.edu.cn.
BACKGROUND: Agronomic treatments such as the application of nitrogen fertilizer and topping (removal of the inflorescence and top leaves) cause substantial changes in plant metabolism. To explore these changes, we conducted comparative transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of leaves collected from four positions along the stem on plants exposed to two nitrogen doses and with different numbers of leaves retained after topping in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). RESULTS: We identified 13,330 unique differentially expressed genes and 32 differentially abundant metabolites. Through RNA-seq and WGCNA analyze, we constructed 2 co-expression networks (green and blue) highly correlation to N application and leaf number retained, predicted a hub gene NtGER3 may play an important role in N metabolism related to amino acid (cysteine) through CK pathway in tobacco leaves, NtARFs may participated in modulating the auxin signal and N in bottom leaves and NtRAP2.12 as key gene involved in N regulation by ethylene pathway. What's more, our data prove C/N transformation and balance affect the "source - flow - sink" redistribution and remobilization in tobacco during growth and development process. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, this comparative transcriptomics study provides novel insight into the complex molecular mechanisms underlying plant responses to different levels of nitrogen application and the number of leaves remaining after topping in plants.
PMID: 35045826
BMC Plant Biol , IF:4.215 , 2022 Jan , V22 (1) : P16 doi: 10.1186/s12870-021-03402-x
Melatonin increases growth and salt tolerance of Limonium bicolor by improving photosynthetic and antioxidant capacity.
Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, People's Republic of China.; DongYing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dongying, Shandong, 257000, People's Republic of China.; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, People's Republic of China. bswang@sdnu.edu.cn.; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, People's Republic of China. chenminrundong@126.com.
BACKGROUND: Soil salinization is becoming an increasingly serious problem worldwide, resulting in cultivated land loss and desertification, as well as having a serious impact on agriculture and the economy. The indoleamine melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) has a wide array of biological roles in plants, including acting as an auxin analog and an antioxidant. Previous studies have shown that exogenous melatonin application alleviates the salt-induced growth inhibition in non-halophyte plants; however, to our knowledge, melatonin effects have not been examined on halophytes, and it is unclear whether melatonin provides similar protection to salt-exposed halophytic plants. RESULTS: We exposed the halophyte Limonium bicolor to salt stress (300 mM) and concomitantly treated the plants with 5 muM melatonin to examine the effect of melatonin on salt tolerance. Exogenous melatonin treatment promoted the growth of L. bicolor under salt stress, as reflected by increasing its fresh weight and leaf area. This increased growth was caused by an increase in net photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency. Treatment of salt-stressed L. bicolor seedlings with 5 muM melatonin also enhanced the activities of antioxidants (superoxide dismutase [SOD], peroxidase [POD], catalase [CAT], and ascorbate peroxidase [APX]), while significantly decreasing the contents of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anion (O2(*-)), and malondialdehyde (MDA). To screen for L. bicolor genes involved in the above physiological processes, high-throughput RNA sequencing was conducted. A gene ontology enrichment analysis indicated that genes related to photosynthesis, reactive oxygen species scavenging, the auxin-dependent signaling pathway and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) were highly expressed under melatonin treatment. These data indicated that melatonin improved photosynthesis, decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activated MAPK-mediated antioxidant responses, triggering a downstream MAPK cascade that upregulated the expression of antioxidant-related genes. Thus, melatonin improves the salt tolerance of L. bicolor by increasing photosynthesis and improving cellular redox homeostasis under salt stress. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that melatonin can upregulate the expression of genes related to photosynthesis, reactive oxygen species scavenging and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) of L. bicolor under salt stress, which can improve photosynthesis and antioxidant enzyme activities. Thus melatonin can promote the growth of the species and maintain the homeostasis of reactive oxygen species to alleviate salt stress.
PMID: 34983373
BMC Plant Biol , IF:4.215 , 2022 Jan , V22 (1) : P13 doi: 10.1186/s12870-021-03397-5
CRISPR-Cas9-mediated mutagenesis of the SlSRM1-like gene leads to abnormal leaf development in tomatoes.
College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang Province, China.; College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang Province, China. lijf_2005@126.com.; College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang Province, China. 848319534@qq.com.; College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang Province, China. jjb1248@126.com.
BACKGROUND: Leaves, which are the most important organs of plants, can not only fix carbon sources through photosynthesis, but also absorb nutrients through transpiration. Leaf development directly determines the growth, flowering and fruiting of plants. There are many factors that affect leaf development, such as the growth environment, gene expression, and hormone synthesis. In this study, tomatoes were used to study the role of the transcription factor Solanum lycopersicum salt-related MYB1-like (SlSRM1-like) in the development of tomato leaves. RESULTS: Loss-of-function of the SlSRM1-like gene mediated by clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated 9 (Cas9) resulted in abnormal tomato leaf morphology, including thinner leaves, wrinkled edges, raised veins, disordered edge veins, and left and right asymmetry. An analysis of the transcription levels of genes related to leaf development revealed that the expression of these genes was significantly altered in the SlSRM1-like mutants (SlSRM1-like-Ms). Moreover, the SlSRM1-like gene was expressed at higher transcription levels in young tissues than in old tissues, and its expression was also induced in response to auxin. In addition, the transcription levels of genes related to the auxin pathway, which regulates tomato growth and development, were severely affected in the SlSRM1-like-Ms. Therefore, it is hypothesized that the SlSRM1-like gene functions in the regulation of tomato leaf development through the auxin-related pathway. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we successfully knocked out the SlSRM1-like gene in the tomato variety Ailsa Craig using CRISPR technology and found that knockout of the SlSRM1-like gene resulted in abnormal development of tomato leaves. Further research indicated that SlSRM1-like regulated tomato leaf development through auxin-related pathways. The results provide an important reference for the functional study of other SRM1-like genes in plants and provide new insights into the regulation of leaf development in tomato and other plants.
PMID: 34979927
Tree Physiol , IF:4.196 , 2022 Jan doi: 10.1093/treephys/tpac008
Roles of Auxin in Inhibition of Shoot Branching in 'Dugan' Fir.
Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Department of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, No.159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu China.; College of Biology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing Forestry University, No.159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu China.
Shoot branching substantially impacts vegetative and reproductive growth as well as wood characteristics in perennial woody species by shaping the shoot system architecture. Although plant hormones have been shown to play a fundamental role in shoot branching in annual species, their corresponding actions in perennial woody plants were largely unknown, in part due to the lack of branching mutants. Here, we demonstrated the role of plant hormones in bud dormancy transition toward activation and outgrowth in woody plants by comparing the physiological and molecular changes in the apical shoot stems of 'Yangkou' 020 fir and 'Dugan' fir, two Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.) clones with normal and completely abolished branching phenotypes, respectively. Our studies showed that the defect in bud outgrowth was the cause of failed shoot branching in 'Dugan' fir, while apically derived signals acted as triggers of this ectopic bud activity. Further studies indicated that auxin played a key role in inhibiting bud outgrowth in 'Dugan' fir. During bud dormancy release, the differential AUX1/LAX and PIN activity resulted in an ectopic IAA accumulation in the apical shoot stem of 'Dugan' fir, which could inhibit the cell cycle in the axillary meristem by decreasing CK biosynthesis but increasing ABA production and response through the signaling pathway. In contrast, during bud activation and outgrowth, the striking increase in auxin biosynthesis and PIN activity in the shoot tip of 'Dugan' fir may trigger the correlative inhibition of axillary buds by modulating the PATS and CAT among shoots and by influencing the biosynthesis of secondary messengers including CK, GA, and ABA, therefore inducing the para-dormancy of axillary buds in 'Dugan' fir by apical dominance under favorable conditions. The findings of this study provide important insights into the roles of plant hormones in bud outgrowth control in perennial woody plants.
PMID: 35088089
Plant Mol Biol , IF:4.076 , 2022 Jan doi: 10.1007/s11103-021-01238-5
CIN-like TCP13 is essential for plant growth regulation under dehydration stress.
Gene Discovery Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0074, Japan. kaoru.urano@riken.jp.; Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8604, Japan. kaoru.urano@riken.jp.; Plant Biotechnology Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), 1-1 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8686, Japan.; Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Seikacho, Kyoto, 619-0284, Japan.; INRAE, Universite de Bordeaux, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit Et Pathologie, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France.; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.; Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.; Gene Discovery Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0074, Japan. kazuo.shinozaki@riken.jp.
KEY MESSAGE: A dehydration-inducible Arabidopsis CIN-like TCP gene, TCP13, acts as a key regulator of plant growth in leaves and roots under dehydration stress conditions. Plants modulate their shape and growth in response to environmental stress. However, regulatory mechanisms underlying the changes in shape and growth under environmental stress remain elusive. The CINCINNATA (CIN)-like TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PCF (TCP) family of transcription factors (TFs) are key regulators for limiting the growth of leaves through negative effect of auxin response. Here, we report that stress-inducible CIN-like TCP13 plays a key role in inducing morphological changes in leaves and growth regulation in leaves and roots that confer dehydration stress tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing TCP13 (35Spro::TCP13OX) exhibited leaf rolling, and reduced leaf growth under osmotic stress. The 35Spro::TCP13OX transgenic leaves showed decreased water loss from leaves, and enhanced dehydration tolerance compared with their control counterparts. Plants overexpressing a chimeric repressor domain SRDX-fused TCP13 (TCP13pro::TCP13SRDX) showed severely serrated leaves and enhanced root growth. Transcriptome analysis of TCP13pro::TCP13SRDX transgenic plants revealed that TCP13 affects the expression of dehydration- and abscisic acid (ABA)-regulated genes. TCP13 is also required for the expression of dehydration-inducible auxin-regulated genes, INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID5 (IAA5) and LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES (LOB) DOMAIN 1 (LBD1). Furthermore, tcp13 knockout mutant plants showed ABA-insensitive root growth and reduced dehydration-inducible gene expression. Our findings provide new insight into the molecular mechanism of CIN-like TCP that is involved in both auxin and ABA response under dehydration stress.
PMID: 35050466
BMC Genomics , IF:3.969 , 2022 Jan , V23 (1) : P4 doi: 10.1186/s12864-021-08230-9
Transcriptomic analysis of the maize inbred line Chang7-2 and a large-grain mutant tc19.
College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, China.; Key Laboratory of Major Crop Germplasm Innovation and Application in Qingdao, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, China.; College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, China.; College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, China. songxy@qau.edu.cn.; Key Laboratory of Major Crop Germplasm Innovation and Application in Qingdao, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, China. songxy@qau.edu.cn.; College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, China. xmguo2009@126.com.; Key Laboratory of Major Crop Germplasm Innovation and Application in Qingdao, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, China. xmguo2009@126.com.
BACKGROUNDS: Grain size is a key factor in crop yield that gradually develops after pollination. However, few studies have reported gene expression patterns in maize grain development using large-grain mutants. To investigate the developmental mechanisms of grain size, we analyzed a large-grain mutant, named tc19, at the morphological and transcriptome level at five stages corresponding to days after pollination (DAP). RESULTS: After maturation, the grain length, width, and thickness in tc19 were greater than that in Chang7-2 (control) and increased by 3.57, 8.80, and 3.88%, respectively. Further analysis showed that grain width and 100-kernel weight in tc19 was lower than in Chang7-2 at 14 and 21 DAP, but greater than that in Chang7-2 at 28 DAP, indicating that 21 to 28 DAP was the critical stage for kernel width and weight development. For all five stages, the concentrations of auxin and brassinosteroids were significantly higher in tc19 than in Chang7-2. Gibberellin was higher at 7, 14, and 21 DAP, and cytokinin was higher at 21 and 35 DAP, in tc19 than in Chang7-2. Through transcriptome analysis at 14, 21, and 28 DAP, we identified 2987, 2647 and 3209 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between tc19 and Chang7-2. By using KEGG analysis, 556, 500 and 633 DEGs at 14, 21 and 28 DAP were pathway annotated, respectively, 77 of them are related to plant hormone signal transduction pathway. ARF3, AO2, DWF4 and XTH are higher expressed in tc19 than that in Chang7-2. CONCLUSIONS: We found some DEGs in maize grain development by using Chang7-2 and a large-grain mutant tc19. These DEGs have potential application value in improving maize performance.
PMID: 34983391
BMC Genomics , IF:3.969 , 2022 Jan , V23 (1) : P8 doi: 10.1186/s12864-021-08197-7
Gene regulation network analyses of pistil development in papaya.
Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, 350002, Fuzhou, China.; The Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China.; Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.; Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. rayming@illinois.edu.
BACKGROUND: The pistil is an essential part of flowers that functions in the differentiation of the sexes and reproduction in plants. The stigma on the pistil can accept pollen to allow fertilization and seed development. Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a dioecious plant, where female flowers exhibit normal pistil, while the male flowers exhibit aborted pistil at a late stage of pistil development. RESULTS: The developmental stages of papaya pistil were analyzed after first dividing it into slices representing the primordium stage 1 (S1), the pre-meiotic stages S2, post-meiotic stage S3, and the mitotic stage S4. The SS scoring algorithm analysis of genes preferentially expressed at different stages revealed differentially expressed genes between male and female flowers. A transcription factor regulatory network for each stage based on the genes that are differentially expressed between male and female flowers was constructed. Some transcription factors related to pistil development were revealed based on the analysis of regulatory networks such as CpAGL11, CpHEC2, and CpSUPL. Based on the specific expression of genes, constructed a gene regulatory subnetwork with CpAGL11-CpSUPL-CpHEC2 functioning as the core. Analysis of the functionally enriched terms in this network reveals several differentially expressed genes related to auxin/ brassinosteroid signal transduction in the plant hormone signal transduction pathway. At the same time, significant differences in the expression of auxin and brassinosteroid synthesis-related genes between male and female flowers at different developmental stages were detected. CONCLUSIONS: The pistil abortion of papaya might be caused by the lack of expression or decreased expression of some transcription factors and hormone-related genes, affecting hormone signal transduction or hormone biosynthesis. Analysis of aborted and normally developing pistil in papaya provided new insights into the molecular mechanism of pistil development and sex differentiation in dioecious papaya.
PMID: 34983382
Plants (Basel) , IF:3.935 , 2022 Jan , V11 (2) doi: 10.3390/plants11020227
Effect of Different Enriched Vermicomposts, Humic Acid Extract and Indole-3-Acetic Acid Amendments on the Growth of Brassica napus.
Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616422, Iran.; Department of Soil Science, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417466191, Iran.; Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran.; Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Universite de Paris, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France.
Humic acid (HA) is a specific and stable component of humus materials that behaves similarly to growth stimulants, esp. auxin hormones, contributing to improving growth indices and performance of plants. As a rich source of HA, vermicompost (VC) is also a plant growth stimulating bio-fertilizer that can enhance growth indices and performance in plants. The purpose of the present study is to compare the influence of VC enriched with bacterial and/or fertilizer, commercial humic acid (CHA) extract, and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) on improving growth characteristics and performance of rapeseed under greenhouse conditions. The results showed the complete superiority of VC over the CHA and IAA (approximately 8% increase in the dry weights of root and aerial organ and nearly three times increase in seed weight). The highest values of these indices were obtained with VC enriched with Nitrogen, Sulfur, and Phosphorus, Azotobacter chroococcum and Pseudomonas fluorescens; the lowest value was obtained with VC enriched with urea. Additionally, the application of 3% VC and the control involved the highest and lowest values in all traits, respectively. The SPAD (chlorophyll index) value and stem diameter were not significantly affected by different application levels of VC. Overall, the applications of IAA and the CHA were not found to be suitable and therefore not recommended.
PMID: 35050115
Gene , IF:3.688 , 2022 Jan : P146214 doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146214
Whole genome re-sequencing and transcriptome reveal an alteration in hormone signal transduction in a more-branching mutant of apple.
Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, PR China. Electronic address: ghj042@126.com.; College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China. Electronic address: gf342256121@126.com.; Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, PR China. Electronic address: qdsnky@163.com.; Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, PR China. Electronic address: 774572825@qq.com.; Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, PR China. Electronic address: huangyuehy@126.com.; Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, PR China. Electronic address: 1196328026@qq.com.; Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, PR China. Electronic address: zhangruifen316@qq.com.; Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, PR China. Electronic address: songerg9@126.com.; Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, PR China. Electronic address: guanglisha@126.com.
Branch number is an important trait in grafted apple breeding and cultivation. To provide new information on molecular mechanisms of apple branching, whole reduced-representation genomes and transcriptome of a wild-type (WT) apple (Malus spectabilis) and its more-branching (MB) mutant at the branching stage were examined in this study. Comparison of WT and MB genomes against the Malus domestica reference genome identified 14,908,939 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 173,315 insertions and deletions (InDels) in WT and 1,483,221 SNPs and 1,725,977 InDels in MB. Analysis of the genetic variation between MB and WT revealed 1,048,575 SNPs and 37,327 InDels. Among them, 24,303 SNPs and 891 InDels mapped to coding regions of 5,072 and 596 genes, respectively. GO and KEGG functional annotation of 3,846 and 944 genes, respectively, identified 32 variant genes related to plant hormone signal transduction that were involved in auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin, abscisic acid, ethylene, and brassinosteroid pathways. The transcriptome pathways of plant hormone signal transduction and zeatin biosynthesis were also significantly enriched during MB branching. Furthermore, transcriptome data suggested the regulatory roles of auxin signaling, increase of cytokinin and genes of cytokinin synthesis and signaling, and the suppressed abscisic acid signaling. Our findings suggest that branching development in apple is regulated by plant hormone signal transduction.
PMID: 35066064
Gene , IF:3.688 , 2022 Jan , V817 : P146170 doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.146170
Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals distinct responsive biological processes in radish genotypes contrasting for Plasmodiophora brassicae interaction.
Institute of Vegetables Research, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.; Institute of Vegetables Research, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China. Electronic address: weiqz@mail.zaas.ac.cn.; Horticultural Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China.; Institute of Vegetables Research, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China. Electronic address: baocl@mail.zaas.ac.cn.
Plasmodiophora brassicae is a protozoan pathogen that causes clubroot disease, which is one of the most destructive diseases for Brassica crops, including radish. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism of clubroot resistance in radish. In this study, we performed a comparative transcriptome analysis between resistant and susceptible radish inoculated with P. brassicae. More differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified at 28 days after inoculation (DAI) compared to 7 DAI in both genotypes. Gene ontology (GO) and KEGG enrichment indicated that stress/defense response, secondary metabolic biosynthesis, hormone metabolic process, and cell periphery are directly involved in the defense response process. Further analysis of the transcriptome revealed that effector-triggered immunity (ETI) plays key roles in the defense response. The plant hormones jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (ET), and abscisic acid (ABA) related genes are activated in clubroot defense in the resistant line. Auxin (AUX) hormone related genes are activated in the developing galls of susceptible radish. Our study provides a global transcriptional overview for clubroot development for insights into the P. brassicae defense mechanisms in radish.
PMID: 35031420
Gene , IF:3.688 , 2022 Jan , V817 : P146168 doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.146168
Building an embryo: An auxin gene toolkit for zygotic and somatic embryogenesis in Brazilian pine.
Laboratory of Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of Sao Paulo, Rua do Matao, 277, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: paulaelbl@gmail.com.; Laboratory of Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of Sao Paulo, Rua do Matao, 277, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Computer Science, Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, United States.; Laboratory of Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of Sao Paulo, Rua do Matao, 277, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.; Laboratory of Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of Sao Paulo, Rua do Matao, 277, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Plant Physiological Ecology, Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.; Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Many studies in the model species Arabidopsis thaliana characterized genes involved in embryo formation. However, much remains to be learned about the portfolio of genes that are involved in signal transduction and transcriptional regulation during plant embryo development in other species, particularly in an evolutionary context, especially considering that some genes involved in embryo patterning are not exclusive of land plants. This study, used a combination of domain architecture phylostratigraphy and phylogenetic reconstruction to investigate the evolutionary history of embryo patterning and auxin metabolism (EPAM) genes in Viridiplantae. This approach shed light on the co-optation of auxin metabolism and other molecular mechanisms that contributed to the radiation of land plants, and specifically to embryo formation. These results have potential to assist conservation programs, by directing the development of tools for obtaining somatic embryos. In this context, we employed this methodology with critically endangered and non-model species Araucaria angustifolia, the Brazilian pine, which is current focus of conservation efforts using somatic embryogenesis. So far, this approach had little success since somatic embryos fail to completely develop. By profiling the expression of genes that we identified as necessary for the emergence of land-plant embryos, we found striking differences between zygotic and somatic embryos that might explain the developmental arrest and be used to improve A. angustifolia somatic culture.
PMID: 34995731
Gene , IF:3.688 , 2022 Jan , V809 : P146030 doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.146030
Time-course transcriptome profiling revealed the specific expression patterns of MADS-box genes associated with the distinct developmental processes between winter and spring wheat.
College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150031, PR China.; College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150031, PR China; National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 10081, PR China.; College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150031, PR China. Electronic address: xnwang1982@neau.edu.cn.
The shoot apex is a region where new cells are produced and elongate. The developmental state of the wheat shoot apex under low temperature affects its cold resistance. In this study, the morphology of shoot apex before overwintering was characterized for 24 wheat line with different winter and spring characteristics. Our research showed that the shoot apex of autumn-sown spring wheat lines reached the temperature sensitive double-ridge stage before overwintering, whereas shoot apex of winter wheat lines are found in temperature-insensitive vegetative or elongation stages. In order to explore how gene expression is associated with shoot apex differentiation in winter and spring wheat, we used strand-specific RNA sequencing to profile the gene expression patterns at four time-points between 14 after germination and 45 days after germination in the winter wheat cultivar Dongnongdongmai No. 1 (DM1) and in the spring wheat cultivar China Spring (CS). We identified 11,848 differentially expressed genes between the two cultivars. Most up-regulated genes in CS were involved in energy metabolism and transport during the seedling stage, whereas up-regulated genes in DM1 were involved in protein and DNA synthesis. MADS-box genes affect plant growth and development. In this study, MADS-boxes with differential expression between CS and DM1 were screened and evolutionary tree analysis was conducted. During all sampling periods, CS highly expressed MADS-box genes that induce flowering promotion genes such as VRN1, VRT and AG, while lowly expressed MADS-box genes that induce flowering-inhibiting homologous genes such as SVP. TaVRN1 composition in DM1 and CS was vrn-A1, vrn-B1, and Vrn-D1b. Analysis of the sequence of TaVRN1 (TraesCS5A01G391700) from DM1 and CS revealed 5 SNP differences in the promoter regions and 3 SNP deletions in the intron regions. The expression levels of cold resistant genes in DM1 were significantly higher than those in CS at seedling stage (neither DM1 nor CS experienced cold in this study), including CBF, cold induced protein,acid desaturase and proline rich proteins. Additionally, the expression levels of auxin-related genes were significantly higher in CS than those in DM1 at 45 days after germination. Our study identified candidate genes associated with the process of differentiation of the shoot apex in winter and spring wheat at the seedling stage and also raised an internal stress tolerance model for winter wheat to endogenously anticipate the coming stressful conditions in winter.
PMID: 34673213
Biochem Biophys Res Commun , IF:3.575 , 2022 Jan , V589 : P16-22 doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.11.109
Local conjugation of auxin by the GH3 amido synthetases is required for normal development of roots and flowers in Arabidopsis.
State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.; Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.; Department of Bioregulation and Biointeraction, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, 183-8509, Japan.; Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, 183-8509, Japan.; Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, 183-8509, Japan.; Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA. Electronic address: yundezhao@ucsd.edu.
Gretchen Hagen 3 (GH3) amido synthetases conjugate amino acids to a carboxyl group of small molecules including hormones auxin, jasmonate, and salicylic acid. The Arabidopsis genome harbors 19 GH3 genes, whose exact roles in plant development have been difficult to define because of genetic redundancy among the GH3 genes. Here we use CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology to delete the Arabidopsis group II GH3 genes, which are able to conjugate indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) to amino acids. We show that plants lacking the eight group II GH3 genes (gh3 octuple mutants) accumulate free IAA and fail to produce IAA-Asp and IAA-Glu conjugates. Consequently, gh3 octuple mutants have extremely short roots, long and dense root hairs, and long hypocotyls. Our characterization of gh3 septuple mutants, which provide sensitized backgrounds, reveals that GH3.17 and GH3.9 play prominent roles in root elongation and seed production, respectively. We show that GH3 functions correlate with their expression patterns, suggesting that local deactivation of auxin also contributes to maintaining auxin homeostasis. Moreover, this work provides a method for elucidating functions of individual members of a gene family, whose members have overlapping functions.
PMID: 34883285
J Bacteriol , IF:3.49 , 2022 Jan , V204 (1) : Pe0038021 doi: 10.1128/JB.00380-21
Identification of Indole-3-Acetic Acid-Regulated Genes in Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato Strain DC3000.
Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louisgrid.4367.6, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.; School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.; Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ithaca, New York, USA.
The auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is a plant hormone that not only regulates plant growth and development but also plays important roles in plant-microbe interactions. We previously reported that IAA alters expression of several virulence-related genes in the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 (PtoDC3000). To learn more about the impact of IAA on regulation of PtoDC3000 gene expression, we performed a global transcriptomic analysis of bacteria grown in culture, in the presence or absence of exogenous IAA. We observed that IAA repressed expression of genes involved in the type III secretion (T3S) system and motility and promoted expression of several known and putative transcriptional regulators. Several of these regulators are orthologs of factors known to regulate stress responses and accordingly expression of several stress response-related genes was also upregulated by IAA. Similar trends in expression for several genes were also observed by quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Using an Arabidopsis thaliana auxin receptor mutant that accumulates elevated auxin, we found that many of the P. syringae genes regulated by IAA in vitro were also regulated by auxin in planta. Collectively the data indicate that IAA modulates many aspects of PtoDC3000 biology, presumably to promote both virulence and survival under stressful conditions, including those encountered in or on plant leaves. IMPORTANCE Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), a form of the plant hormone auxin, is used by many plant-associated bacteria as a cue to sense the plant environment. Previously, we showed that IAA can promote disease in interactions between the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae strain PtoDC000 and one of its hosts, Arabidopsis thaliana. However, the mechanisms by which IAA impacts the biology of PtoDC3000 and promotes disease are not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that IAA is a signal molecule that regulates gene expression in PtoDC3000. The presence of exogenous IAA affects expression of over 700 genes in the bacteria, including genes involved in type III secretion and genes involved in stress response. This work offers insight into the roles of auxin-promoting pathogenesis.
PMID: 34662236
Protoplasma , IF:3.356 , 2022 Jan doi: 10.1007/s00709-021-01732-z
The RNA polymerase II subunit NRPB2 is required for indeterminate root development, cell viability, stem cell niche maintenance, and de novo root tip regeneration in Arabidopsis.
Facultad de Quimico Farmacobiologia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Avenida Tzintzuntzan 173, Col. Matamoros, 58240, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico. javier.raya@umich.mx.; Instituto de Investigaciones Quimico Biologicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria, 58030, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico.; Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnologia, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico.; Instituto de Investigaciones Quimico Biologicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria, 58030, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico. jbucio@umich.mx.
The RNA polymerase II drives the biogenesis of coding and non-coding RNAs for gene expression. Here, we describe new roles for its second-largest subunit, NRPB2, on root organogenesis and regeneration. Down-regulation of NRPB2 activates a determinate developmental program, which correlated with a reduction in mitotic activity, cell elongation, and size of the root apical meristem. Noteworthy, nrpb2-3 mutants manifest cell death in pro-vascular cells within primary root tips of plants grown in darkness or exposed to light, which triggers the expression of the regeneration gene marker ERF115 in neighbor cells close to damage. Auxin and stem cell niche (SCN) gene expression as well as structural analysis revealed that NRPB2 maintains SCN activity through distribution of PIN transporters in root tissues. Wild-type seedlings regenerated the root tip after excision of the QC and SCN, but nrpb2-3 mutants did not rebuild the missing tissues, and this process could be genotypified using pERF115:GFP, DR5:GFP, and pWOX5:GFP reporter constructs. The levels of reactive oxygen species increased in the mutants four days after germination and strongly decreased at later times, whereas nitric oxide accumulated as the root tip differentiates. These results show the importance of the transcriptional machinery for root organogenesis, cell viability, and regenerative capacity for reconstruction of tissues and organs upon injury.
PMID: 34981212
J Biotechnol , IF:3.307 , 2022 Jan , V343 : P38-46 doi: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.10.002
Green revolution to grain revolution: Florigen in the frontiers.
ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, PUSA, New Delhi 110012, India. Electronic address: prasanta01@yahoo.com.; ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, PUSA, New Delhi 110012, India.
Burgeoning human population dents, globally, the brimming buffer stock as well as gain in food grain production. However, an imminent global starvation was averted through precise scientific intervention and pragmatic policy changes in the 1960s and was eulogized as the "Green Revolution". Miracle rice and wheat obtained through morphometric changes in the ideotype of these two crops yielded bumper harvest that nucleated in Asia and translated into Latin America. The altered agronomic traits in these two crops were the result of tinkering with the phyto-hormone "Gibberellin'. Recently, another plant hormone 'Cytokinin' has gained prominence for its involvement in the grain revolution in rice and other field crops. Suo moto homeostasis of CK by the cytokinin oxidase enzyme governs the cardinal shoot apical meristem that produces new flowering primordia thereby enhancing grain number. Similarly, the flowering hormone 'Florigen' impacts sympodia formation, flowering, and fruit production in tomato. The role of heterozygosity induced heterosis by florigen in revolutionizing tomato production and cellular homeostasis of CK by CK oxidising enzyme (CKX) in enhancing rice production has been path-breaking. This review highlights role of phytohormones in grain revolution and crop specific fine-tuning of gibberellins, cytokinins and florigen to accomplish maximum yield potential in field crops.
PMID: 34673121
PLoS One , IF:3.24 , 2022 , V17 (1) : Pe0254265 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254265
Regeneration of duckweed (Lemna turonifera) involves genetic molecular regulation and cyclohexane release.
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China.; Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
Plant regeneration is important for vegetative propagation, detoxification and the obtain of transgenic plant. We found that duckweed regeneration could be enhanced by regenerating callus. However, very little is known about the molecular mechanism and the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). To gain a global view of genes differently expression profiles in callus and regenerating callus, genetic transcript regulation has been studied. Auxin related genes have been significantly down-regulated in regenerating callus. Cytokinin signal pathway genes have been up-regulated in regenerating callus. This result suggests the modify of auxin and cytokinin balance determines the regenerating callus. Volatile organic compounds release has been analysised by gas chromatography/ mass spectrum during the stage of plant regeneration, and 11 kinds of unique volatile organic compounds in the regenerating callus were increased. Cyclohexane treatment enhanced duckweed regeneration by initiating root. Moreover, Auxin signal pathway genes were down-regulated in callus treated by cyclohexane. All together, these results indicated that cyclohexane released by regenerating callus promoted duckweed regeneration. Our results provide novel mechanistic insights into how regenerating callus promotes regeneration.
PMID: 34990448
Funct Plant Biol , IF:3.101 , 2022 Jan doi: 10.1071/FP21288
Nitric oxide is involved in hydrogen sulfide-induced adventitious rooting in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum).
Nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are signalling molecules that regulate adventitious rooting in plants. However, little is known about the cross-talk between NO and H2S during adventitious rooting. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) explants were used to investigate the roles of and relationships between NO and H2S during rooting. Effects of the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and the H2S donor sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) on adventitious rooting were dose-dependent, and the greatest biological responses were observed under 25muM SNP and 50muM NaHS. The positive effect of NaHS was reversed by the NO scavenger 2-(4-carboxy-2-phenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (cPTIO), indicating that the H2S-induced response was partially NO-dependent. Peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities significantly increased by SNP and NaHS treatment, and indoleacetic acid oxidase (IAAO) activity and the O2- and H2O2 content significantly decreased by SNP and NaHS treatment. SNP and NaHS treatment also increased the content of soluble sugar and protein and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). cPTIO significantly mitigated the increases in POD, PPO and SOD activity and soluble sugar, protein and IAA content induced by NaHS. SNP and NaHS upregulated the expression of auxin-related genes (ARF4 and ARF16), cell cycle-related genes (CYCD3, CYCA3 and CDKA1), and antioxidant-related genes (TPX2, SOD and POD); whereas cPTIO significantly inhibited the increase in the expression of these genes induced by NaHS. Overall, these results show that NO may be involved in H2S-induced adventitious rooting by regulating the activity of rooting-related enzymes, the expression of related genes, and the content of various nutrients.
PMID: 34991782
Plant Biol (Stuttg) , IF:3.081 , 2022 Jan doi: 10.1111/plb.13386
Plant hormone profile and control over isoprene biosynthesis in a tropical tree Ficus septica.
The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.; Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan.; Advanced Instrumental Analysis Center, Teikyo University, Tochigi, Japan.; Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.; School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Biofuels Institute, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.; Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.; Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.
Plant hormone signalling and the circadian clock have been implicated in the transcriptional control of isoprene biosynthesis. To gain more insight into the hormonal control of isoprene biosynthesis, the present study measured plant hormone concentrations in jasmonic acid (JA)-treated leaves of our previous model study, examined their relationship with gene expression of isoprene synthase (IspS) and hormone signalling transcription factors. Of the plant hormones, IAA and JA-Ile and their related transcription factors (MYC2 and SAUR21) were significantly correlated with IspS gene expression. Concentrations of cytokinins, isopentenyladenine (iP), trans-zeatin riboside (tZR) and cis-zeatin riboside (cZR), were similarly significantly correlated with IspS expression. However, there was no significant correlation between their related transcription factor (ARR-B) and IspS expression. The circadian clock-related gene PRR7, but not the transcription factor LHY, was highly correlated with IspS expression. These results suggest that the hormonal balance between JA-Ile and IAA plays a central role in transcriptional regulation of IspS through the transcription factors MYC2 and SAUR21, the early auxin responsive genes. The putative cis-acting elements for SAUR on the IspS promoter (TGTCNN and CATATG), in addition to the G-box for MYC2, support the above proposal. These results provide insightful information on the core components of plant hormone-related regulation of IspS under coordination with the circadian clock genes.
PMID: 35050526
Arch Microbiol , IF:2.552 , 2022 Jan , V204 (2) : P150 doi: 10.1007/s00203-021-02671-2
Characterization of root-endophytic actinobacteria from cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) for plant growth promoting traits.
ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Malegaon, Baramati, 413115, India. govindasmay@iari.res.in.; Division of Microbiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India. govindasmay@iari.res.in.; ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Malegaon, Baramati, 413115, India.; ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod, 671124, India.; ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, 620102, India.
The present study is the first report of isolation and characterization of endophytic actinobacteria from cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica). A total of 179 morphologically distinct endophytic actinobacterial isolates were purified from the roots of two different genetic accessions of cactus. All these isolates were screened for their plant growth promotion traits, namely, growth on N-free medium, P-solubilization, siderophore production, ACC deaminase activity and auxin production. A majority of the endophytic actinobacterial isolates (85%) exhibited their potential for plant growth promotion under in vitro conditions. Ten among the isolates were selected based on their multi-PGP traits and were identified as Streptomyces sp. following the 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Plant growth promotion potential of these selected endophytic Streptomyces was studied in wheat seedlings. All these selected isolates significantly enhanced the growth parameters such as seedling length and rootlets number compared to the uninoculated control. The wheat seeds inoculated with Streptomyces tuirus VL-70-IX exhibited maximum number of rootlets (6.33) compared to uninoculated control (3.67). The inoculation of endophytic actinobacteria Streptomyces levis VL-70-XII caused maximum seedling length (20.53 cm) and root length (8.26 cm), while the inoculation of S. radiopugnans HV-VIII resulted in highest shoot length (12.33 cm). These endophytic actinobacteria isolated from the roots of cactus accessions showed potential PGP traits. This work lays foundation for characterization and selection of endophytic actinobacteria from the under-exploited, drought tolerant species such as cactus with potential cross-compatibility for the improvement of plant growth of field crops especially under abiotic stress conditions.
PMID: 35067746
Arch Microbiol , IF:2.552 , 2022 Jan , V204 (2) : P136 doi: 10.1007/s00203-021-02750-4
Microbacterium sulfonylureivorans sp. nov., isolated from sulfonylurea herbicides degrading consortium.
Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, CAAS, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.; Xinjiang Urumqi Maternal and Child Care Hospital, Urumqi, 830046, People's Republic of China.; College of Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 10081, People's Republic of China.; College of Life Science, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, 830046, People's Republic of China.; Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, CAAS, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China. jiangxu@caas.cn.; Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, CAAS, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China. ruanzhiyong@caas.cn.; College of Resources and Environment, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi, 860000, People's Republic of China. ruanzhiyong@caas.cn.
A novel Gram-stain positive, aerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain LAM7116(T) was isolated from a sulfonylurea herbicides degrading consortium enriched with birch forest soil from Xinjiang. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain LAM7116(T) was closely related to the members of the genus Microbacterium, with the highest similarity to Microbacterium flavescens DSM 20643(T) (98.48%) and Microbacterium kitamiense Kitami C2(T) (98.48%). Strain LAM7116(T) formed a distinct subclade with M. flavescens DSM 20643(T) within the genus Microbacterium in the 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic trees. The genomic DNA G + C content of LAM7116(T) was 69.9 mol%. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) value between strain LAM7116(T) and M. flavescens DSM 20643(T) was 27.20%. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) value was 83.96% by comparing the draft genome sequences of strain LAM7116(T) and M. flavescens DSM 20643(T). The major fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0, anteiso-C17:0, iso-C17:0, and iso-C16:0. The respiratory menaquinones of strain LAM7116(T) were MK-13 and MK-14. The main polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified lipid, and an unidentified glycolipid. The peptidoglycan contained the amino acids glycine, lysine, alanine, and glutamic acid. Based on the phenotypic characteristics and genotypic analyses, we consider that strain LAM7116(T) represents a novel species, for which the name Microbacterium sulfonylureivorans sp. nov. was proposed. The type strain is LAM7116(T) (= CGMCC 1.16620(T) = JCM 32823(T)). Strain LAM7116(T) secreted auxin IAA and grew well in Ashby nitrogen-free culture medium. Genomic results showed that strain LAM7116(T) carried the nitrogenase iron protein (nifU and nifR3) gene, which indicated that strain LAM7116(T) has the potential to fix nitrogen and promote plant growth. At same time, strain LAM7116(T) can degrade nicosulfuron (a kind of sulfonylurea herbicides) using glucose as carbon source. Microbacterium sulfonylureivorans sp. nov. LAM7116(T) is a potential candidate for the biofertilizers of organic agriculture areas, and may possess potential to be used in bioremediation of nicosulfuron-contaminated environments.
PMID: 35024967
Braz J Microbiol , IF:2.476 , 2022 Jan doi: 10.1007/s42770-021-00651-8
Stimulatory effects of defective and effective 3-indoleacetic acid-producing bacterial strains on rice in an advanced stage of its vegetative cycle.
Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Agrobiologia, EMBRAPA, Rodovia BR 465, km 7, s/n, Ecologia, Seropedica, RJ, 23.891-000, Brazil.; Departamento de Ciencias Do Solo, Universidade Federal Rural Do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR 465, km 7, s/n, Zona Rural, Seropedica, RJ, 23890-000, Brazil.; Departamento de Ciencias Ambientais E Florestais, Universidade Federal Rural Do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR 465, km 7, s/n, Zona Rural, Seropedica, RJ, 23890-000, Brazil.; Universidade Federal Rural Do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR 465, km 7, s/n, Zona Rural, Seropedica, RJ, 23890-000, Brazil.; Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Agrobiologia, EMBRAPA, Rodovia BR 465, km 7, s/n, Ecologia, Seropedica, RJ, 23.891-000, Brazil. ederson.jesus@embrapa.br.
The production of 3-indoleacetic acid (IAA) by plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPR) stimulates root development and plant growth. In addition, morphological changes such as an increased root ramification and root hair production improves nutrient absorption and biomass accumulation. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of IAA-producing strains on rice in an advanced stage of its vegetative cycle. Rice was inoculated with Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus PAL 5 and its lao- mutant, deficient in auxin production, Azospirillum baldaniorum Sp 245, and Escherichia coli DH10b. Both the mutant and wild-type G. diazotrophicus stimulated root elongation, area, volume, and diameter. However, the lao- mutant strain was the only one capable of increasing the number of roots. In turn, inoculation with A. baldaniorum had no significant effect on plant development. The inoculation with E. coli led to changes in root volume, area, and diameter, and a response that may be related to the stress caused by its presence. We conclude that the inoculation with G. diazotrophicus stimulates the root system's growth independently of their IAA production ability, suggesting that a metabolite other than IAA is responsible for this effect at advanced stages of the rice's vegetative cycle.
PMID: 35060090
Virus Genes , IF:2.332 , 2022 Jan doi: 10.1007/s11262-021-01881-6
The interplay of plant hormonal pathways and geminiviral proteins: partners in disease development.
Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, -110021, India.; Department of Botany, Bhagat Singh Government P.G. College, Jaora, Ratlam, Madhya Pradesh, 457226, India.; Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, -110021, India. indasgup@south.du.ac.in.
Viruses belonging to the family Geminiviridae infect plants and are responsible for a number of diseases of crops in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the World. The innate immune response of the plant assists in its defense against such viral pathogens by the recognition of pathogen/microbe-associated molecular patterns through pattern-recognition receptors. Phytohormone signalling pathways play a vital role in plant defense responses against these devastating viruses. Geminiviruses, however, have developed counter-defense strategies that prevail over the above defense pathways. The proteins encoded by geminiviruses act as suppressors of plant immunity by interacting with the signalling components of several hormones. In this review we focus on the molecular interplay of phytohormone pathways and geminiviral infection and try to find interesting parallels with similar mechanisms known in other plant-infecting viruses and strengthen the argument that this interplay is necessary for disease development.
PMID: 35034268
Mol Biol Rep , IF:2.316 , 2022 Jan doi: 10.1007/s11033-021-07011-7
The SAUR gene family in coffee: genome-wide identification and gene expression analysis during somatic embryogenesis.
Central Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, MG, 37200000, Brazil.; Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros), Aracaju, SE, 49025040, Brazil.; Central Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, MG, 37200000, Brazil. luciano@ufla.br.
BACKGROUND: Small auxin-up RNA (SAUR) genes form a wide family supposedly involved in different physiological and developmental processes in plants such as leaf senescence, auxin signaling and transport, hypocotyl development and tolerance to abiotic stresses. The transcription of SAUR genes is quickly induced by auxins, a group of phytohormones of major importance on embryo development. To better understand the distribution and expression profile of such still not explored family in Coffea sp., especially during the development of somatic embryogenesis (SE), SAUR members were characterized in silico using the available Coffea canephora genome data and analyzed for gene expression by RT-qPCR in C. arabica embryogenic samples. METHODS AND RESULTS: Over C. canephora genome 31 CcSAURs were distributed by 11 chromosomes. Out of these 31 gene members, 5 SAURs were selected for gene expression analysis in C. arabica embryogenic materials. CaSAUR12 and CaSAUR18 were the members highly expressed through almost all plant materials. The other genes had more expression in at least one of the developing embryo stages or plantlets. The CaSAUR12 was the only member to exhibit an increased expression in both non-embryogenic calli and the developing embryo stages. CONCLUSION: The identification of SAUR family on C. canephora genome followed by the analysis of gene expression profile across coffee somatic embryogenesis process on C. arabica represents a further additional step towards a better comprehension of molecular components acting on SE. Along with new research about this gene family such knowledge may support studies about clonal propagation methods via somatic embryogenesis to help the scientific community towards improvements into coffee crop.
PMID: 35034287